Black People and Dorothy Allison Essay

Race, class and gender have been a topic for most books that have been written. A lot of books talk about these topics because it is something most people face. Whether you’re at work and can’t get a promotion because of your gender, excluded from a place because of your class or hated because of your race. Know matter what you will be faced with one if these topics in your life time. Dorothy Allison’s Bastard out of Carolina deals with these issues in a very intriguing way. She uses them to keep the story flowing and keep the reader interested. In the novel BOC, Allison uses race, class and gender in a very stereotypical way. The story of Bone takes place in a time where race was a conservational topic. You can say America was split in two groups, the whites and blacks. If you were black life was not easy. Black people were discriminated against. Even though slavery was over the black nation was not accepted by the white people. Racism means Discrimination or prejudice based on race (2). This word was not really used in this book because the narrative was Bone, a white girl. When Bone would visit Aunt Alma’s apartment she would come to face black children. There and then is when the stereotypes of black people started. The grown up’s in Bone had nothing good to say about the niggers that lived by Aunt Alma. â€Å"Running off with a man’s children, living in the dirty place with niggers all around. My little girls having to go up those stairs past those nigger boys. My wife walking the street past those peckerwoods! † (Allison 89). The family really did not approve of Aunt Alma living around black people. They were thought to be dirty and uncivilized people. Black people were also thought to be stupid and worthless. Bone was young at the time and did not know what to think about them. But she did not feel the same as her elders. Instead she made friends with them and learned to like them. I think Allison is trying to show the innocence of a child. Most kids are caring and loving until they are taught to hate. Bone grew up in a poor family. They would be considered in today’s society as trailer trash. The stereotype of poor white folks was present in Bastard out of Carolina. Anne and Glen did not really have money so it was hard to support the kids. They basically lived with very little. They couldn’t settle down at one house so they moved from one run down house to another. A lot of the characters described in this book had a lot of resemblance to what we would consider a red neck. For instance Uncle Travis has a big Chevy. Bone says it was jacked up so high that it easily cradled little kids or pregnant woman (Allison 1). Almost all the boys in the family had trucks. That’s typical for a red neck. Bone describes the Boatwright men as rugged, kind of dirty strong boys. They loved to fight and drink beer. The Boatwright family was big which again stereotyped poor white families. Also poor people are known to have kids out of wedlock. That was the situation Bone was. She was born out of wedlock and she never knew who her father was. That is the significance of the title Bastard out of Carolina. Gender also played a big role in this novel by Dorothy Allison. The male and female gender played a very distinctive role. In the Boatwright family the men are thought to be the physically strong. They take care of the family. They get into fights and are feared by a lot of people in town. Women of that time were supposed to stay at home cook and clean. They were supposed to wait for their husbands and never talk back. But I think Allison reversed the stereotype about women by making the Boatwright women very different. Most of them had jobs and were supporting them self’s. Aunt Raylene and Aunt Alma were some of the girls that lived by themselves. The women were strong too and they stuck together. Another way gender played a role was the relationship between Anne and Glen. From all the Boatwright women Anne was the weakest one. In the relationship Glen basically controlled Anne. Every time he did something bad she would end up forgiving him. Even after she found out he has been beating Bone she forgave him. Glen had all the power and Anne couldn’t do anything because she loved him. Bastard out of Carolina faces issues about race, class and gender. Allison builds a world where all these issues are faced. Through the main character Bone, we see how race, class and gender affect her and her family. Race played a role when Bone meets black people for the first time and instead of judging them she became friend with them. The Boatwright’s social status is not the best but they are feared by the community. They are considered poor and red necks. The last big issue that is seen in BOC is gender. Allison changed things up by making the women in the family stronger and more independent than other women of that time. In the end I think Allison decided to stereotype race, class and gender to show us it makes things worse then they already are. Work Cited 2 entries found for racism. 2003. Lexico Publishing Group, LLC. 19 Feb. 2006 http://owl. english. purdue. edu/handouts/research/r_mla. html Allison Dorothy. Bastard out of Carolina. New York. Penguin Group. 1993.

Good Times or Bad Essay

The issue of dark leadership, which is characterized by an enduring inclination to selfishness, wrong intentions, and self-deception, is a potentially harmful phenomenon to business organizations. This is because leaders who exhibit such attributes usually have negative effects on the business organizations which they lead (Dubrin, 2009). Organizational performance is thus reduced or completely stalled. Owing to this phenomenon, the genesis of such dark leadership is an important consideration for modern business organizations. On the one hand, some commentators argue that dark leadership requires crisis situations to evolve. On the other hand, other people hold that such dark leadership can even develop in comparatively good social and economic conditions. A careful scrutiny however indicates that dark leadership does not necessarily require crises to emerge, rather inherent human imperfections make it arise on comparatively pleasant social and economic situations. For example, bearing in mind that one of the causative factors for dark leadership is humanity’s negative trait of selfishness, the concept that crisis situations precipitate dark leadership is effectively eliminated (Khoo & Burch, 2008). It thus follows that humans are naturally selfish, a situation that leads to them depicting dark leadership qualities. In addition, dark readership attributes can emanate from the leaders’ self-deception and wrong intentions, a fact that excludes the issue of unpleasant social and economic conditions. According to this argument, human beings are depicted to have the natural habit of deceiving themselves besides having wrong intentions (Sankar, 2003). In conclusion, dark leadership is an important concept in business organizations because it has the potential of ruining business performance. The factors that make leaders exhibit dark traits are however debatable. Some people cite crises while others point to humanity’s inherent negative qualities. A proper examination however demonstrates that humanity’s negative traits, such as selfishness, having mistaken intentions, and self-deception lead to dark leadership. References Dubrin, A. J. (2009). Leadership: Research findings, practice, and skills. Woodbridge, CT: Cengage Learning. Khoo, H. S. ; & Burch, G. S. T. (2008). The ‘dark side’ of leadership personality and transformational leadership: An exploratory study. Personality and Individual Differences, 44 (1), 86-97. Sankar, Y. (2003). Character not charisma is the critical measure of leadership excellence. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 9 (4), 45-55.

Architectural Design Considerations of a Light Warehouse Essay

Warehousing – warehousing is the receiving, storage, and delivery of goods. Receiving – receiving is the acceptance of goods with a degree of accountability therefor. Storage – storage is the safekeeping of goods in a warehouse or other depository. Delivery – delivery is the transfer of goods to the transportation carrier or customer. Distribution – distribution is a function of warehousing which includes the preparation and delivery of goods according to plan or special order. Supply chain efficiencies depend upon the efficiency of logistics including transportation and warehousing operations. Warehouse efficiencies depend upon a combination of warehouse design, layout, infrastructure, systems, process and people. Warehouse Design element aims to maximize the utility of space, equipment and efficiency of operations. We will briefly cover the various elements of a warehouse design and understand their importance. In basic functional aspects, a warehouse function consists of – Material receipts including unloading, unpacking and inspection, put away and Storage of materials in various categories of storage locations, systems updating, pull materials for dispatch and delivery of materials after processing. Warehouse Location, Layout and Building The location of a warehouse should ideally be situated in a flat ground. The location should be easily approachable and in a area suited for this nature of business. Locations closer to markets or to national highways would be ideal. Public transportation and communication infrastructure should also be available. The layout of the building should be designed to accommodate fleet parking, and enable containers to drive in and drive out easily. Any time two containers should be able to pass through on the path without any interruption. There should be enough free space for vehicles to maneuver. The layout should also provide for other utility, safety and security operations. Building is normally constructed using galvanized metallic sheets mounted on C Section girdles. The flooring should be RCC concrete with weight bearing capacity as per requirement of the load to be calculated in each case. The ground should be flat, even and smooth surface to facilitate MHE movements and dust free. The roof height would be a major consideration to be able to install multi vertical storage racking installation. The walls and roof should be designed with suitable lighting panels and ventilators for air exchange fitted with bird cages. The number of loading and unloading docs and placement of these docs play an important role in the design of operations and efficiency of operation. All weather docks and the facility should enable 24 hours operations. Dock Levels. The docks should be equipped with dock levelers and all these have to be installed during construction phase itself. Ramps have to be provided to facilitate movement of forklift etc. Lighting design will depend upon the layout and the racking design. Internal Layout Internal layout design will be built taking into account the operational process, nature of goods, volumes of transactions both inbound and outbound, storage types, in house operations involving put away and pull sequences and process requirements including packing, kitting etc and the availability of floor space coupled with building layout design of inbound and outbound docks. The design aims to maximize space utilization, minimize MHE movement and Manpower movement. Types of Storage Types of storage are determined by the nature of cargo. Depending upon the cargo whether finished goods, raw material parts etc, the types of storage can vary from bulk stock, block stock, racking, pallet racking, shelf racking, binning, unit pick or loose pick face, carton pick etc. The storage types vary with nature of materials with different types of storage designs for drums, pallets, tires, cartons, tube and rods etc. Racking Designs & Material Handling Equipment Racking Design takes into account the storage type, storage unit, volume and weight coupled with the available floor space and roof height to design system which maximizes the storage capacity. Put away and picking process and transactional volumes are also taken into consideration. The inventory profile study would include detailing of number of SKUs in each category of fast moving, slow moving or other criteria as per the nature of business and the storage type would be designed as per the inventory profile and the process. Racking designs are very many and varies with the type of industries and nature of inventory. Normal racking designs include pallet racking on multiple levels. You can have shelving, binning or combination of bulk stock and forward pick face racking designs. Block stack racking and other types of high density racking can be found in FG warehouses. Mezzanine store binning and shelving rack designs are normally designed for spare parts and small parts. Highly automated racking designs can have automatic retrieval systems and conveyors in the warehouse. Material Handling Equipments are specified based on rack design coupled with pallet design, nature of cargo, weight and the warehouse layout etc. Forklifts, reach trucks, hand pallet jacks, trolleys are normal Material handling equipments in normal warehousing operations. Warehouse Layout Design – Sizing the Space Requirements Warehouse layout & sizing is a critical aspect of planning a new facility or re-designing an existing building. Many times organisations start from a fixed view of what size the facility will be, and most times the square footage is based on affordability. The problem with this, is that the building may end up be to big, and therefore more expensive or to small and put operational constraints into the facility before the design even gets off the ground. Warehouse Layout and Sizing: The correct way to size the facility is from the inside, that way the actual size required will fit the operational requirements, and will ensure that all available space is used and you are not paying for unused space. Estimating Space Requirements: Short and long term, based upon forecasts, historical usage patterns, and projected changes. Developing new layouts to maximize usage of space. Short- and long-range sizing of individual areas: racks, shelving, automated systems, docks, staging, offices, and support. The final sizing needs to come from the operational requirements of the building, this can only come from modelling the design. Key Factors to Consider during Warehouse Sizing Order Picking: Methods for Piece Pick, Case Pick, and Pallet Pick Operations. Deciding on the amount of space you will need is not just about how much product you wish to store. The type of picking you intend carrying out is a fundamental part of the decision process. The methods for order picking vary greatly and the level of difficulty in choosing the best method for your operation will depend on the type of operation you have. The characteristics of the product being handled, total number of transactions, total number of orders, picks per order, quantity per pick, picks per SKU, total number of SKUs, value-added processing such as private labelling, and whether you are handling piece pick, case pick, or full-pallet loads are all factors that will affect the decision on how much space will be required. Therefore when you have:- Full pallet picking you will need more racking space than open floor space. Lots of case picking you will need more ground floor pick faces, than you will need for full pallet picking and you may also need a case to pallet consolidation floor area. Lots of small quantity piece picking you will need packing & pallet consolidation areas on the floor. Holding requirements include defining the physical size of the inventory on hand. Unless the on-hand total is fairly stable across the year, it is usually preferable to plan for a high but not peak inventory level. To fully utilize the space, it is important to determine how product needs to be stored (e. g. , floor stacked, pallet rack, shelving, case flow) and how much of each fixture type will be required. Cube data (length ? width ? height) for each product is a very useful kind of information for many aspects of capacity planning. Workflow requirements encompass everything from how product arrives to how it leaves the facility and everything in between. The objectives of this aspect of planning are to minimize product handling, to reduce travel as much as possible, and to minimize the resource requirements (labor, packaging, transportation) to move the product to the customer. Among the factors to consider are the following: (1) Link the way product arrives with where it is to be stored (location capacity). If possible, store all of a product in one location and pick from that location as well. This does not work if stock rotation matters (expiration dates, serial number, or lot control issues). 2) Locate the highest-volume products (greatest number of orders, not physical size) closest to the outbound shipping area to minimize the travel required to pick and ship orders for them. (3) Because vertical travel is always slower, locate as many products as possible on or close to the floor. (4) Allow for staging space to handle product that is in transit, such as items waiting to be put away. Warehousing was supposed to disappear with L ean Manufacturing. This has rarely occurred but the nature of warehousing often does change from storage-dominance to transaction dominance. Warehousing buffers inbound shipments from suppliers and outbound orders to customers. Customers usually order in patterns that are not compatible with the capabilities of the warehouse suppliers. The amount of storage depends on the disparity between incoming and outbound shipment patterns. In addition, the trend to overseas sourcing has increased the need for warehousing and its importance in the supply chain. | Design StrategiesOne key to effective design is the relative dominance of picking or storage activity. These two warehouse functions have opposing requirements. Techniques that maximize space utilization tend to complicate picking and render it inefficient while large storage areas increase distance and also reduce picking efficiency. Ideal picking requires small stocks in dedicated, close locations. This works against storage efficiency. Automation of picking, storage, handling and information can compensate for these opposing requirements to a degree. However, automation is expensive to install and operate. The figure below shows how different transaction volumes, storage requirements and technologies lead to different design concepts.

Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep - Essay Example Richard Deckard, the lead bounty hunter experiences a paradox when he bemoans the killing of Luba Luft, the android impersonating opera singer against the backdrop of the previous killing of androids. Death is the overriding theme that dominates the narration of the two stories. These stories draw feelings of depression and sadness that engulf readers as they come to terms with the realities of pain and anguish. It is impossible to ignore the destructive consequences of war in Slaughterhouse-Five. The devastating bombing of the town of Dresden in Germany is at the height of world war situates seemingly random events. Throughout the time of suffering in Dresden, Billy Pilgrim shifts in and out of the meat locker. Luckily, he survives incineration that characterizes every aspect of life in the city. Billy’s ascendancy to become the president of Lion Club takes the efforts of his father-in-law. In the post-war era, he works as a prosperous optometrist. Vonnegut injects the aspect of Tralfamadorians to underscore the devastating consequence of war. Billy seems not to understand his world. He hallucinates about his moments with the Tralfamadorians in order to evade a world destroyed by the war. Traumatized by the destructiveness of the war, Billy fails to come to terms with the consequences of the war. Vonnegut’s description of the events in Dresden during war reflects the kind of destruction that is seen in Dick’s world. Dick develops a world in his imagination. This world is in a state of decay due to the dust of nuclear fallout that covers the whole landscape. He uses Kipple to represent a metaphysical decay of the world. The destruction that takes place in Dick’s world is constantly evolving. At the same time, Dick posits that the decaying world has a way of surviving itself through decay. The animals that appear when the novel comes to the  end confirm this claim. John Isidore’s spider reflects the ability of new life to renew itself through regeneration while the mechanical toad of Rick Deckard manifests the ability of all forms of life to discover how they can exist in the decaying world.

Semantics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Semantics - Essay Example The conversive relations are distinguished by primary, or sole, derivatives of the conclusive aspect. Conversive relations, in general, describe actions that result in the creation of a single discrete end product. Converses are at some point called relational opposites for example buy whose opposite is sell, borrow whose opposite is lend, and precede whose opposite is follow. Converseness is binary but each member expresses same relationship from different participants’ perspectives. Converseness also one presupposes the other (Cruse, 2004). On the other hand reversiveness is binary and each member denotes change of state that is reversible. For example enter whose opposite is leave, ascend whose opposite is descend, and tie whose opposite is untie. Reversive opposites comprise those adjectives or adverbs that signify a quality or verbs that mean an act or situation that reverse or undo the eminence, action, or state of the other (Riemer, 2010). Although they are neither conflicting nor opposing provisions, they present a comprehensible opposition. Since they all describe activities that result in an object undergoing a change from one state to another the tow members of the reversive pair involve the same two states, but the direction of change is different in each

The Gynecologic Oncology Group Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Gynecologic Oncology Group - Article Example The members of the organization place great trust in the Ingres database system. They see it as a reliable and accurate service which minimizes their costs yet helps them reach their goals. Back when such a database service was not available to the group, correspondence was probably not as easy or efficient. Results would have been difficult to share or view and they probably took a while to publish and send out. Without the database provided by Ingres, the group might not have had as many members and its members were probably not able to participate as much. They would have announced successful and unsuccessful clinical tests through newsletters or journals, released in volumes which are separated by months at a time. Though this would still get the message through, the development in cancer research would not be as progressive and geographically extensive. Atomic PR for Ingres. Gynecologic Oncology Group Relies on Ingres Database for Critical Cancer Research and Treatment. 7 April 2009. 8 April 2009 .

Netflix & Comcast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Netflix & Comcast - Essay Example Therefore, in illustrating the point, a professor brought in as a resource personnel told the USA Now program how it works. In explaining the process, the professor identified a ban on neutrality as a US federal law that was meant to prevent anti-trust activities and provide equal opportunities for entities around the United States (Roger para 3). However, after a reversal of the ban, Netflix can pay Comcast in order to get Comcast to grant them a larger bandwidth so that their consumers can get faster downloads. This is naturally because of the fact that Netflix customers download DVDs and other large files that can be painfully slow. Therefore, it might be a necessity for Netflix to pay for faster downloads. The downside of this is that it clearly affects competition for other entities that might need to use Internet Service Providers (ISPs). Also, the fact that entities can pay for these services will increase competition which might be financially motivated. This might lead to higher prices that will be transferred to consumers. Clearly, there is a conflict between the two ideologies and concepts. There is a tension about different classes of stakeholders, like Netflix consumers who might justify this as a necessity against the general set of service providers who need faster internet services from ISPs and consumers who do not want to be forced to pay more for Internet because of this competition. The media has taken sides from different angles in order to present their views. This has caused different media houses to tilt towards the two different schools of thought. This essay examines Independent news media networks are balanced media houses that provide a balanced reportage on the subject (Haus 28; Freedom House 302). Other biased entities or alternative news sources try to take a stand on the subject (Haus 29). This paper examines

Discrimination in Employment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discrimination in Employment - Essay Example Sec.2000e-2. [Section 703] has clearly mentioned the following guidelines on discrimination issues. 1- If any employer fail to discharge or hire any individual or refuse to discriminate against any individual in terms of compensation, employment condition due to individual’s religion, race, color, sex, and national origin then it will be classified as unlawful employment practice. 2- If any employer segregate or classify any employee based on individual’s religion, sex, race, color and national origin then it will be termed as unlawful employment practice. Employer should not limit any individual from employment due to race, sex and nationality (U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, n.d.). In the other case, the sentence can be judged on the ground of common employment practice. They are using the advertisement to invite female candidate for employment opportunity without any intention to create discrimination in terms of age, sex and nationality. They employer might need female employee to handle Hispanic customers in customer relationship management department. Hence the advertisement is more situation specific rather than intention driven in terms of employment

For the film JFK, what is Oliver Stone's agenda Essay

For the film JFK, what is Oliver Stone's agenda - Essay Example Johnson was a member of the ring that planned Kennedy’s assassination (Stone 589). So, the most critical question in this film is the director’s agenda when he was making up this film. This essay examines Stone Oliver’s agenda in the film and whether the film was received, by both the public and the media, as it was intended. The assassination of President John F. Kennedy was a thrilling event that left the American people and the world startled. The world was confused the most when such an injustice in a developed world was tainted by unexplained occurrences when the assassination investigations started. The film captures this in detail by going back to the years when President Kennedy was President and the unfolding of the events that supposedly cost his life. Among the ones captured are the early years of Vietnam War, the invasion of the Bay of Pigs, the missile crisis in Cuba, and the Laotian civil war (Brent 51). It was in November 22, 1963 that President Ke nnedy was brutally killed. It was after this occasion that New Orleans Jim Garrison and team got some hints on the assassination, and they commenced their investigation but the Federal Government publicly rebukes the developments (Salewic 80). The New Orleans attorney is forced to close the case when the alleged assassin Lee Harvey Oswald is murdered before he could go on trial. This occurrence further startled the world as to the game which Kennedy’s assassins had launched. After this closure, the film captures the reopening of the investigation in 1966 when Garrison related his encounter to Senator Long while he was on a plane trip. The inaccuracies in the Warren commission’s report enabled Garrison to identify some conflicts. In the film, several witnesses are interrogated by Garrison and his staff including other witnesses involved with Oswald. His informal investigations led to another suspect Ferrie, who is put on the spot when a witness testified that he saw Fer rie conspiring with Oswald, Shaw, and some Latin men to murder the President (Gary 1). Another interesting development was placed by Jean Hill who told the investigators that she witnessed the killing, and had heard four to six shots in total coming from the grassy Knoll, but was coerced by the U.S. Secret Service to testify that she had heard three shots from the book depository (Brent 52). This revelation led Garrison team to believe that there were changes made to Hill’s testimony given to Warren commission. Garrison investigators revealed that from their logical analysis of the alleged crime scene, the shots were not made by one person; there were others who were involved in the shootouts and thus, Oswald was not the only assassin. Given that there were two close shots, there was a possibility that two more assassins were involved. Another message that Oliver was sending to the world was that the then senior government personalities and the security ring were involved in the murder. In this case, the film reveals that Garrison discovered electronic surveillance microphones placed in his offices and meets X, a high official in Washington DC who revealed that the government, the CIA, the FBI, the U. S. Secret Service and the then Vice President Lyndon Johnson had a motive to cover up the cause of Kennedy’s death (Gary 1). Mr. X explains that president Kennedy was killed because it was

Factors that Led to Rapid Industrialisation of Japan Essay

Factors that Led to Rapid Industrialisation of Japan - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that reformation of the economic system involved introduction of a unified modern currency (yen), development and restructuring of the banking system, improved commercial laws and taxation system, stock exchanges, and improvement of the communications network. Creation of a new institutional framework that would suit the capitalist system was also among the primary task of the Meiji government. However, it was not until the early 1890s that this long process was completed, and by that time, the government had almost entirely ceased the practice of direct control over the process of industrialization due to increasing budget deficits due to a high cost of modernization. However, though most of these reforms have also been implemented by various European states their success – and success of the industrialization process – differed substantially. Evidently, these template reforms had to be undertaken in a favorable environment oth erwise the outcome would have hardly been successful. There were several major factors that contributed to the rapid and successful industrialization of Japan. Advanced technologies transferred to Japan from the industrialized Western states such as Britain and the United States played one of the major roles in stimulating early and rapid industrialization of the country. The essence of that transfer of technologies was the transplantation of factory-based production systems.  This approach was promoted by the Meiji government that played the key role in setting up the scene for Japan’s rapid industrialization. However, it was not until the early 1890s that this long process was completed, and by that time, the government had almost entirely ceased the practice of direct control over the process of industrialization due to increasing budget deficits due to a high cost of modernization. However, though most of these reforms have also been implemented by various European stat es their success - and success of the industrialization process - differed substantially. Evidently, these template reforms had to be undertaken in a favorable environment otherwise the outcome would have hardly been successful. There were several major factors that contributed to the rapid and successful industrialization of Japan. Advanced technologies transferred to Japan from the industrialized Western states such as Britain and the United States played one of the major roles in stimulating early and rapid industrialization of the country. The essence of that transfer of technologies was the transplantation of factory-based production systems. This approach was promoted by the Meiji government that played the key role in setting up the scene for Japan's rapid industrialization. Import of the workshop equipped with modern machinery was the central element of Meiji's policy aimed at 'catching up with and overtaking' industrialized western states. The list of industrial sectors tar geted by the Meiji government within the framework of its industrialisation policy was large and included not only defence-related (shipbuilding and others), but also a variety of civil industries that produced different goods and products for both the local and overseas market (silk-reeling, cement, glass, cotton spinning, etc).

Network security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Network security - Essay Example Technical security controls are made of three components: detective, corrective and preventive, which all work to mitigate risks within a system. The first step I will access the router through the web interface. This will allow me to configure encryption using the WPA2 or the pre-shared key. This will ensure that anyone who all devices must provide this key before joining the network. There are three IKE policy choices message encryption, message integrity hash algorithm and peer authentication method. The policies are satisfied by various encryption methods that are dependent on a number of factors such as type of hardware in place. The key length available when using encryption algorithm allows the definition of key length used in terms of bits. When it comes to choosing message encryption algorithm, 3des is the strongest when compared to DES. The sha encryption offers a better encryption type as compared to md5 when it comes to message integrity has algorithm. For the peer authentication method, the rsa-sig offers a stronger encryption. An intrusion detection system has powerful features that provide notification when an attack occurs. On the other hand, a detective prevention system only uses limited functions to thwart attacks from taking place. Detection system is also limited because it relies on copies of network packets, which must be received from another switch. This makes sensors operating in intrusion mode to be said as running in promiscuous mode. Compared to detection system, intrusion prevention is more robust and has better features because it operate in inline mode where it checks as packets flows in teatime. Therefore, it can prevent traffic from entering a given network in

Crusades and Holy Land Essay Example for Free

Crusades and Holy Land Essay * In 1905, Pope Urban saw an opportunity for power and decides to help the leader of the Byzantine Empire by killing the turks. As the Pope is Christian, he doesnt want power in hands of infidels (infidels are people who dont believe in Christianity), and as Turks are Muslim and did not believe in the same ideas as the pope he wanted to kill them. * In 1096, Peter the Hermit (a French monk) started the peoples crusade which was made up mainly by poor peasants and farmers. Peter the Hermit was known to be a great speaker so he motivated people to fight for the Holy Land. This crusade was not successful since they were not trained, they all died killed by the Turks. * in 1096-1099 brothers, Godfrey and Baldwin of Bouillon set off the first crusade. They created the first Crusader State at Edessa. They captured Antioch. Disagreements over the rule of Antioch slowed their progress and split their forces, but in August 1098 crusaders reached Jerusalem and the attack lasted over a month, by then its keepers surrendered. One of the brothers died, Godfrey, so Baldwin became the first King of the Christian Kingdom of Jerusalem. * European lords worked to keep rule over Edessa (when a crusader state was attacked, the Holy Order of Knights fought back). In the second crusade (1147-1149), King Loous VII and Emperor Conrad III instead of protecting Edessa, they wanted to overtake Damascus, and their poorly organized attack resulted into failure. Most crusaders returned home, while those who stayed tried to protect their Holy Land, Jerusalem. * During 1187-1192, in the third crusade, Saladin (Turkic ruler) rose to power, he believed that everyone who was not Muslim should leave Jerusalem. In order to counterattack, europeans united forces against Muslims (this time three kings united: King Richard the Lionheart, Emperor Fredirick Barbarossa and King Phillip II). Fredirick Barbarossa died and King Phillip returned to Europe, leaving King RIchard fightning for Jerusalem. * King Richard kept trying to gain control, however Jerusalem never fell. He decided to form a relationship with his foe, Saladin. After multiple tries, he couldnt get control, but he made an agreement with Saladin, Muslim empire had the control over Jerusalem, however Christians had the right to enter the Holy Land and visit their shrines. * In 1198 Pope Innocent III called for a new crusade, it was led by French knights and they were set out for the Holy Land, however in 1202 they got distracted by Venetian lords who convinced them to capture the wealth and splendor of the Eastern Orthodox Constantinople instead of the Holy land. * The Fifth Crusade, led by King Andrew II, went first to the Holy Land and then to Egypt, but it failed. * Frederick II led the Sixth Crusade, which was successful in the reclaiming of the Kingdom of Jerusalem (in 1228). However, the kingdom was plagued by civil war which made vulnerable to Muslim attacks. * After 1244, Jerusalem would never again become Christian, Crusades still tried but failed. The last state of Christianity fell in 1291 to the Mamluk Empire.

Marketing Communication Tools for Apple

Marketing Communication Tools for Apple In the past two decates it become a common practice for companies to spend millions and billions of money in advertisement (see Table 1, due to lack of any further evidence the numbers should be taken under suspicion). Most of us think that they spent all this money just to make us buy more and more but is not only that. Their ultimate goal is to make as aware of their presence, they want to gain more and more market share and they also use various methods and ways to attract new customers that they have not yet consider them as an option. In order to do that they have to use some tools and means. These tools are known as Marketing Communication Tools and they consist from five principles -also known as marketing communication mix- advertising, sales promotion, public relations, personal selling and direct marketing (Armstrong, Kotler, Harker, Brennan, 2009, p398). Not all of the tools are been used from the companies, some of them are used less some of them more. This is dependable on the strategy the company wants to follow, at this assignment I will try to critically assess and evaluate two key marketing communication tools that Apple Inc. uses. Apple Inc. founded in 1976 and is one the largest corporation across the world that designs computers, electronics and computer software. It became known by been one of the first companies to mass produce and sell Personal Computers, in 1976 Apple 1 and in 1977 Apple II. Since then they become one of the leading companies both in innovation and sales this is the reason why I choose this particular brand in my assignment. One of the most common marketing tools used by Apple Inc. is direct marketing and as Chris Fill (2005, 4th) defines the companies level in his book Apple Inc. is a type four hybrid company. This means that they see direct marketing as brand vehicle and use direct marketing to exploit market space opportunities (Chris Fill 2005, 4th, p.738). The main tool they use for their strategy is the internet and web-mail since the evolution of technology helps direct marketing to prosper and grow. Apple Inc. exploited that by using huge storage databases to keep track of their customers data and preferences. Their main goal is to build a strong and long-term relationship with their customers by forming a community and to define the word I used I mean dedicated customers that follow Apple Inc. products blindly. This growing community is the power of company; it consisted by dedicated customers that are tied to the company mainly for sentimental reasons slowing rising as a cult. Even if the products sometimes do not meet their expectations or the products are left to die from the company they still follow them as a cult current slowly rising. As an example we can relate to that cult is the Abandoned Apple Newton Brand Community as explained at Albert M. Muniz Jr and Hope Jensen Schau research Religiosity in the Abandoned Apple Newton Brand Community published in the Journal of Consumer Research mentioning how customers off different brands turn their favorite brands into a religion and giving the products supernatural and magical motifs because they believe they are consisted from some kind of magic and will survive through time and at some point they even might rise again like the phoenix from the ashes. From a consumer point of view their strategy is not as effective as it could be; mainly because direct marketing should be more about feedback and customer profile based. From that prospective they should focus more on how they can use effectively their recourses to be more customer-friendly and diverse, they need to give you the opportunity to feedback and give your own advices, after all this are a way of saying to the customer that you care about his opinion and the customer feel that they contribute to their favorite brand. In 2001 Apple Inc. decided to add one more communication tool missing so far from their arsenal, as a result from that they launched their very own retail stores aiming to get higher market share and to bring joy to millions of dedicated customers around the globe. At this moment Apple Inc. counts 324 stores around the world, their philosophy is simple, they want customers to be able to found everything around their technology in one store. The goal is simple, the company tries to be more diverse more interactive and more two-way communication with their customers, this is what personal selling is all about this is what they aimed at. They want existing customers to interact with new customers and sales personnel to interact with both of them. This is the way they make their bond with the dedicated customers even stronger, due to human interaction and tow-way communication the customers do not only attach to the brand but they evolve a special relationship with the personnel that serves them in a way that the selling personnel influence the buying decision of the customer and the customer has someone that knows what his needs and wants are. Personal selling is a great way to learn about what your customers think for your brand, because is a two-way communication and the feedback is faster than from the one you have with research or direct marketing. Is more specific, more consumer-oriented and more flexible than other communication tools but not without a cost. The main weakness is the high cost, the cost for each contact is very high and thus less time consuming methods should be introduced and used for each customer from the sales manager, as an example Germanos ( http://www.e-germanos.gr/ the pioneers in phone selling in Greece) has evolved a very effective and less time consuming model of personal selling, it is called the 5 minutes rule in which each sales personnel has 5 minutes to identify the customer, identify their needs, propose, take him to the counter and closure. Additionally there is always the possibility of misunderstanding due to the human factor involved in the whole process although human factor is a n important part of this process is also the one part that sometimes causes most of the problems the reasons may vary from cultural and religion beliefs to differences in the social status. As a conclusion after doing research for the strategy that Apple Inc. uses we came across equivocal results, despite Apple Inc. market share status (one of the pioneers at their market) and their total revenue their main goal is their loyal customers, perhaps giving more attention on building stronger and life-lasting relationships with their existing customers than introducing the company to new customers. We cannot get a clear conclusion if their strategy is either bad or good, the only thing we can assume is that what they do, they do it to keep the brand image at a level to justify that their brand is for the few and not for the many. Bottom line despite their strategy or their agenda we need to respect Apple Inc. but always have in mind that we need to be critical and analyze everything to see the hidden truth and what is going on behind the scenes. At the end I want to include a part of an interview given in the September of 2010 from the founder of Accer Inc. , Stan Shih, Apple has to be respected. He said that the company and CEO has always been using a different strategy in the computer industry. According to Shih, Apple is looking for revolution, while other PC brands are evolving naturally.

Organizational behaviour theories

Organizational behaviour theories 1.0 INTRODUCTION The purpose of this essay is to discuss the statement â€Å"organizational behaviour theories and concepts are only useful for managers† with real world examples supporting the discussion. Organizations are not buildings or pieces of machinery. Organizations are, indeed, people who interact to accomplish shared objectives. The study of organizational behaviour (OB) and its affiliated subjects helps us understand what people think, feel and do in organizational settings. For managers and, realistically, all employees, this knowledge helps predict, understand and control organizational events. Organizational behaviour is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups and structure have on behaviour within organizations for the purpose of applying such knowledge towards improving an organisations effectiveness (Robbins, Millett, Marsh, 2004). Though there is still considerable debate as to the components or topics of the area of OB, there appears to be general accord that OB includes the core topics of motivation, leader behaviour and power, interpersonal communication, group structure and process, learning, attitude development and perception, emotions, change processes, conflicts, work design work stress. To sum up OB is concerned with the study of what people do in an organization and how that behaviour affects the performance of the organization. To achieve the purpose the essence of this essay strives to analyze the controversial and complex theories and concepts of organisational behaviour to discuss those theories and concepts useful for everyone or only managers of an organisation. 2.0 Role of the Manager 2.1. Who is a Manager? A manager is someone who works with and through other people by coordinating their work activities in order to accomplish organizational goals. The changing nature of organizations and work has altered the role of managers. 2.2. What do Managers Do Describing what managers do isnt an easy or simple task! Just as no two organizations are alike, no two managers jobs are alike. A managers job can be described from various perspectives: functions, roles, essential skills, systems, and contingencies. Each approach provides a different perspective on the managers job. Management is the process of coordinating work activities so theyre completed efficiently and effectively with and through other people. Efficiency refers to getting the most output from the least amount of inputs. Effectiveness is concerned with completing activities so that organizational goals are attained. Efficiency is concerned with the means of getting things done and effectiveness is concerned with the ends. The process of management refers to the idea that management consists of a set of ongoing decisions and actions in which managers engage as they plan, organize, lead, and control. Planning involves defining an organizations goals and establishing strategies and plans to achieve those goals. Organizing includes designing a structure to carry out the plans. Leading involves motivating subordinates, influencing individuals or teams, communicating effectively, and dealing with employee behaviour issues. Finally, controlling includes monitoring, comparing, and correcting the organizations performance. Henry Mintzberg concluded that managers perform 10 different roles or behaviours. He classified them into three sets. One set is concerned with interpersonal relationships (figurehead, leader, liaison). The second set is related to the transfer of information (monitor, disseminator, spokesperson). The third set deals with decision making (entre-preneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, negotiator). Robert Katz identified three skills managers need: technical, human, and conceptual. He showed that the relative importance of these skills varied according to the management level within the organization. The systems perspective can be used to describe what a manager does because organizations are open systems with interrelated and interdependent parts. Within this system, managers coordinate the various work activities so that the organization can meet its goals. The reality of work is that manager will either manage or be managed, and there are rewards and challenges in being a manager. 3.0 Organisational behaviour theories and concepts There are several crucial reasons why companies should utilize the concepts and theories of OB, as well as understand the key terms that are associated with organizational behaviour. One of the most important and broad-based challenges facing organizations today is adapting to diverse work environments. Organizations are becoming more heterogeneous in terms of gender, race, and ethnicity. For example, several key terms that must also be understood organizational culture, diversity, communication, organizational effectiveness and efficiency, organizational learning. 3.1. Attitudes Attitudes are evaluative statements either favourable or unfavourable concerning objects, people, or events. They reflect how an individual feels about something. When a person says, I like my job, he or she is expressing an attitude about work. The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance:Cognitive dissonance theory sought to explain the relationship between attitudes and behaviour. Cognitive dissonance is any incompatibility or inconsistency between attitudes or between behaviour and attitudes. The theory argued that any form of inconsistency is uncomfortable and that individuals will try to reduce the dissonance and, thus, the discomfort. In other words, individuals seek stability with a minimum of dissonance. Self-Perception Theory: People decide on their own attitudes and feelings from watching themselves behave in various situations. (Straker, c Syque 2002-2009) Usefulness of Attitudes Theories Concepts for Managers and Employees. Effective managers need to understand behaviours and attitudes of employees. Therefore knowing above theories Managers can pressure to reduce the dissonance when employees recognize that the dissonance is externally imposed and uncontrollable. The pressure is also decreased if rewards are significant enough to offset the dissonance. So the manager may point to external forces such as competitors, customers, or other factors when explaining the need to perform some work activity about which workers may have some dissonance. Or the manager can provide rewards that workers desire in order to decrease their attempts to get rid of the dissonance. Another implication for managers is that there is relatively strong proof that committed and satisfied employees have low rates of turnover and absenteeism. Knowing that managers would like to keep resignations and absences down, mostly among their most productive employees. Managers can do those things by generating positive job attitudes. Measuring employee satisfaction through attitude surveys can alert managers to any significant changes. The manager who knows about the above theories can reduce absenteeism and turnover by using those theories and concepts. Employees who know attitude theories and concepts try to reduce dissonance and decide on their attitudes and feelings which lead them to the successful job performance. Then furthermore successful job performance should lead to feelings of accomplishment, increased pay, promotions, and other rewards, all desirable outcomes that then lead to job satisfaction of employees. 3.2. Personality The sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others, measurable traits a person exhibits. There are dozens of personality traits could use; for instance, aggressive, shy, ambitious, loyal, and lazy. The Big Five Model of Personality Dimensions: The big-five personality traits are; Extraversion: The degree to which someone is sociable, talkative, and assertive. Agreeableness: The degree to which someone is good-natured, cooperative, and trusting. Conscientiousness: The degree to which someone is responsible, dependable, persistent, and achievement oriented. Emotional stability: The degree to which someone is calm, enthusiastic, and secure (positive) or tense, nervous, depressed, and insecure (negative). Openness to experience: The degree to which someone is imaginative, artistically sensitive, and intellectual. Personality-Job Fit Theory (Holland): Identifies six personality types and proposes that the fit between personality type and occupational environment determines satisfaction and turnover. The six basic personality types of work environments are; Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, Conventional. Usefulness of Personality Theories Concepts for Managers and Employees. For managers the major value in understanding personality differences probably lies in employee selection. Managers are likely to have higher performing and more satisfied employees if consideration is given to matching personalities with jobs. The best-documented personality job fit theory has been developed by psychologist John Holland. His theory states that an employees satisfaction with his or her job, as well as his or her likelihood of leaving that job, depends on the degree to which the individuals personality matches the occupational environment. Furthermore it illustrates satisfaction is highest and turnover lowest when personality and occupation are compatible. Therefore its valuable for managers to know about personality theories and concepts. Also being a successful manager and accomplishing goals means working well together with others both inside and outside the organization. In order to work effectively together, managers need to understand each other. This understanding comes, at least in part, from recognizing the ways in which people differ from each other that is, from an appreciation of personality traits. In addition, there are other benefits to a managers understanding of personality. By recognizing that people approach problem solving, decision making, and job interactions differently, a manager can better understand why, for instance, an employee is uncomfortable with making quick decisions or why another employee insists on gathering as much information as possible before addressing a problem. Or, for instance, managers can expect that individuals with an external locus of control may be less satisfied with their jobs than internals and also that they may be less willing to accept responsibility for their actions. People who choose to work in an environment similar to their personality type are more likely to be successful and satisfied. For that reason knowing personality theories and concepts person can select a job that fit for him or her. For example, Artistic persons are more likely to be successful and satisfied if they choose a job that has an Artistic environment, like choosing to be a dance teacher in a dancing school an environment dominated by Artistic type people where creative abilities and expression are highly valued. Moreover knowing those theories help employees to work with their office mates/staff with an understanding. 3.3. Learning Learning occurs all the time as we continuously learn from our experiences. It can define as any relatively permanent change in behaviour that occurs as a result of experience. Classical conditioning: A type of conditioning in which an individual responds to some stimulus that would not ordinarily produce such a response. Operant conditioning: Operant conditioning argues that behaviour is a function of its consequences. People learn to behave to get something they want or to avoid something they dont want. Operant behaviour describes voluntary or learned behaviour in contrast to reflexive or unlearned behaviour. The tendency to repeat learned behaviour is influenced by the reinforcement or lack of reinforcement that happens as a result of the behaviour. Social-learning theory: Individuals also can learn by observing what happens to other people and just by being told about something as well as by direct experiences. So, for example, much of what we have learned comes from watching others (models)—parents, teachers, peers, television and movie actors, managers, and so forth. This view that we can learn both through observation and direct experience is called social learning theory. Shaping behaviour theory: Systematically reinforcing each successive step that moves an individual closer to the desired response. Usefulness of Learning Theories Concepts for Managers and Employees. Employees are going to learn on the job. The only issue is whether managers are going to manage their learning through the rewards they allocate and the examples they set or allow it to occur unsystematically. If marginal employees are rewarded with pay raises and promotions, they will have little reason to change their behaviour. In fact, productive employees, seeing that marginal performance gets rewarded, might change their behaviour. According to it managers can use learning theories and concepts to motivate employees to do thing as wanted. 3.4. Perception Decision Making Perception is a process by which individuals give meaning to their environment by organizing and interpreting their sensory impressions. Attribution Theory: Attribution theory was developed to explain how we judge people differently depending on the meaning we attribute to a given behaviour. Basically, the theory suggests that when we observe an individuals behaviour, we attempt to determine whether it was internally or externally caused. Internally caused behaviours are those that are believed to be under the personal control of the individual. Externally caused behaviour results from outside factors; that is, the person is forced into the behaviour by the situation. That determination, however, depends on three factors: distinctiveness, consensus, and consistency. Decision making is an integral function of management. Decision making involves selecting or choosing a particular course of action from among the various alternatives available in the decision making situation. Rational Decision-Making Model: A decision-making model that describes how individuals should behave in order to maximise some outcome. Step 1. Define the Problem Step 2. Identify the Decision Criteria Step 3. Weight the Criteria Step 4. Generate Alternatives Step 5. Rate Each Alternative on Each Criteria Step 6. Compute Optimal Decision Usefulness of Perception Theories Concepts for Managers and Employees. Managers need to recognize that their employees react to perceptions, not to reality. So whether a managers appraisal of an employee is actually objective and unbiased or whether the organizations wage levels are among the highest in the community is less relevant than what employees perceive them to be. Employees organize and interpret what they see, so there is always the potential for perceptual distortion. The message to managers should be clear: Pay close attention to how employees perceive both their jobs and management actions. Since the valuable employee who quits because of an inaccurate perception is just as great a loss to an organization as the valuable employee who quits for a valid reason. In addition, job satisfaction also influences organizational behavior, primarily through perceptions of fairness. That means â€Å"If employees dont feel that their supervisors or the organizations procedures or pay policies are fair, their job satisfaction is likely to suffer significantly. However, when employees perceive organizational processes and outcomes to be fair, trust is developed. And when employees trust their employer, theyre more willing to voluntarily engage in behaviors that go beyond the formal job requirements†. Usefulness of Decision Making Theories Concepts for Managers and Employees. Studies show that managers may spend up to 70 percent of their time in group meetings. Undoubtedly, a large portion of that time is spent formulating problems, developing solutions, and determining how to implement the solutions.Therefore it proved knowing decision making theories and concepts is useful for as individually managers. It helps to make decisions in order to gain maximum productivity. 3.5. Motivation Motivation is the process that account for an individuals intensity, direction and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal. In todays world motivation is seen as being best achieved by a combination of elements within the organization that combine to produce it: needs; job design; satisfaction. There are many theories of motivation that have emerged in organizational behaviour literature. Early Theories of Motivation Hierarchy of needs theory: Maslows Hierarchy of Needs (often represented as a pyramid with five levels of needs) is a motivational theory in psychology that argues that while people aim to meet basic needs, they seek to meet successively higher needs in the form of a hierarchy. Maslows Hierarchy of needs (Learning Theories Knowledgebase, 2009) Individuals cant move to the next higher level until all needs at the current level are satisfied. So they have to move up the hierarchy in order. Theory X Y: Very simply, Theory X presents an essentially negative view of people and Theory Y offers a positive view. Two-factor theory: motivation-hygiene theory proposes that intrinsic factors are related to job satisfaction and motivation, whereas extrinsic factors are associated with job dissatisfaction. McClellands Theory of Needs: McClelland proposed that an individuals specific needs are acquired over time and are shaped by ones early life experiences. Theory focuses onpeople havingthree fundamental needs that exist in different degrees, one being a stronger preference:- The need for achievement The need for affiliation The need for power (authority) A persons motivation and effectiveness in certain job functions are influenced by these three needs because they have different level of needs in each of these areas. (Edwards, 2009.) Goal setting Theory: Conscious goals affect action. A goal is the object or aim of an action. For example -: to attain a specific standard of proficiency, usually within a specified time limit. As industrial-organizational psychologists, our primary interest has been to predict, explain, and influence performance on organizational or work-related tasks. Thus, we focused on the relationship between conscious performance goals and level of task performance rather than on discrete intentions to take specific actions. Reinforcement Theory: In contrast to goal-setting theory, reinforcement theory says that behaviour is a function of its consequences. Goal-setting theory proposes that an individuals purpose directs his or her behaviour. Reinforcement theory argues that behaviour is externally caused. What controls behaviour are reinforcers, consequences that, when given immediately following a behaviour, increase the probability that the behaviour will be repeated. The key to reinforcement theory is that it ignores factors such as goals, expectations, and needs. Instead, it focuses solely on what happens to a person when he or she takes some action. Expectancy Theory: Expectancy theory states that an individual tends to act in a certain way based on the expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and on the attractiveness of that outcome to the individual. It includes three variables or relationships Equity Theory: This is a process theory that focuses on individuals perceptions of how fairly they are treated relative to others. The 4 most common ways to reduce a perceived inequity are to, Change inputs. Change outcomes. Distort perceptions. Leave the job. Usefulness of Motivation Theories Concepts for Managers and Employees. Managers can recognize individual differences by using above theories as almost every contemporary motivation theory recognizes that employees arent identical. They have different needs, attitudes, personality, and other important individual variables. Also managers can match people to jobs. Theres a great deal of evidence showing the motivational benefits of carefully matching people to jobs. For example, high achievers should have jobs that allow them to participate in setting moderately challenging goals and that involve autonomy and feedback. Also keep in mind that not everybody is motivated by jobs that are high in autonomy, variety, and responsibility. Employees have different needs, what acts as a reinforcer for one may not for another. Managers should use their knowledge about theories and concepts of motivation to motivate employee using different reward systems. Ex-: Individualize the rewards they control, such as pay, promotions, recognition, desirable work assignments, autonomy, and participation. Link rewards to performance. Allocation of performance-based wage increases Piecework bonuses Pay incentives is important in determining employee motivation. So as mentioned above managers can induce employees to achieve organizational goals through knowledge of motivational theories and concepts 3.6. Leadership The aspect of leadership is perhaps one of the most influential elements in organizational behavior. This is because the leaders are expected to direct the company in such a way as to maximize corporate objectives while minimizing costs. Leadership is a special case of interpersonal influence that gets an individual or group to do what the leader wants done (Wood, Wallance, Zeffane, Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn, 2001). Trait Theories: Trait theories are more traditional and focus on the personal traits of leaders from those of followers. Six traits associated with effective leadership included; ambition and energy the desire to lead honesty and integrity self-confidence intelligence job relevant knowledge Traits alone were not sufficient for explaining effective leadership. Explanations based solely on traits ignored the interactions of leaders and their group members as well as situational factors. Possessing the appropriate traits only made it more likely that an individual would be an effective leader. Behavioural Theories: Behavioral therapists take a different approach. Behavioralists try to determine the types of leadership behaviors that have produced a higher level of work performance. There are four main leader behaviour studies we need to look at. Managerial Grid Concern for people: measured leaders concern for subordinates on a scale of 1 to 9 (low to high) Concern for production: measured leaders concern for getting job done on a scale of 1 to 9 (low to high) Contingency Theory: In this section we examine five contingency theories. Each looks at defining leadership style and the situation and attempts to answer the if-then contingencies (i.e., if this is my situation, then this is the best leadership style for me to use) The Fiedler Model the Fiedler contingency model proposed that effective group performance depended on the proper match between the leaders style of interacting with his or her followers and the degree to which the situation allowed the leader to control and influence. The model was based on the premise that a certain leadership style would be most effective in different types of situations. The key was to define those leadership styles and the different types of situations and then to identify the appropriate combinations of style and situation. Fiedler proposed that a key factor in leadership success was an individuals basic leadership style. He further suggested that a persons style was one of two types: task oriented or relationship oriented. To measure a leaders style, Fiedler developed the least-preferred co-worker (LPC) questionnaire. This questionnaire contained 16 pairs of contrasting adjectives. After an individuals basic leadership style had been assessed through the LPC, it was necessary to evaluate the situation in order to match the leader with the situation. Fiedlers research uncovered three contingency dimensions that defined the key situational factors for determining leader effectiveness. These were: Leader-member relations: the degree of confidence, trust, and respect employees had for their leader; rated as either good or poor Task structure: the degree to which job assignments were formalized and procedurized; rated as either high or low Position power: the degree of influence a leader had over power-based activities such as hiring, firing, discipline, promotions, and salary increases; rated as either strong or weak Each leadership situation was evaluated in terms of these three contingency variables. Hersey and Blanchards Situational Leadership Theory focuses on followers readiness. SLT says if followers are; Telling (high task-low relationship): The leader defines roles and tells people what, how, when, and where to do various tasks. Selling (high task-high relationship): The leader provides both directive and supportive behavior. Participating (low task-high relationship): The leader and follower share in decision making; the main role of the leader is facilitating and communicating. Delegating (low task-low relationship): The leader provides little direction or support. Leader Participation Model related leadership behaviour and participation in decision making. The model argued that leader behaviour must adjust to reflect the task structure whether it was routine, nonroutine, or anywhere in between. Leadership Styles in the Vroom Leader Participation Model are; Decide: Leader makes the decision alone and either announces or sells it to group. Consult Individually: Leader presents the problem to group members individually, gets their suggestions, and then makes the decision. Consult Group: Leader presents the probelm to group members in a meeting, gets their suggestions, and then makes the decision. Facilitate: Leader presents the problem to the group in a meeting and, acting as facilitator, defines the problem and the boundaries within which a decision must be made. Delegate: Leader permits the group to make the decision within prescribed limits. Path-Goal Model which states that its the leaders job to assist his or her followers in attaining their goals and to provide the direction or support needed to ensure that their goals are compatible with the overall objectives of the group or organization. House identified four leadership behaviors: Directive leader: lets subordinates know whats expected of them, schedules work to be done, and gives specific guidance on how to accomplish tasks Supportive leader: is friendly and shows concern for the needs of followers Participative leader: consults with group members and uses their suggestions before making a decision Achievement-oriented leader: sets challenging goals and expects followers to perform at their highest level Path goal theory Leader-Member Exchange Theory indicates that leaders develop special relationships with trusted followers. Usefulness of Leadership Theories Concepts for Managers and Employees. Leadership may not always be important but the aspect of leadership is conceivably one of the most influential elements in organizational behavior. This is because the leaders are expected to direct the company in such a way as to maximize corporate objectives while minimizing costs. In perhaps more than any other area of organizational behavior the leadership aspect is a combination of learning theories, power, personality, performance appraisal and motivation. This is because leadership is the process whereby an individual must gain the voluntary participation of subordinates with the goal of attaining corporate objectives. Thus, a leaders personality and sense of power will influence this process. Further, motivation is a key aspect of leadership because goal will not be attained if subordinates are not properly motivated to achieve them and performance appraisal is a key element in this process. Without adequate feedback that is quantifiable, leaders will not be able to assess em ployee performance reliably or measure progress in attaining corporate objectives. So its important to have knowledge of leadership concepts and theories to both employees and managers to achieve organizational goals. 3.7. Groups A group is defined as two or more interacting and interdependent individuals who come together to achieve particular goals. Groups can either be formal or informal. Formal groups are work groups established by the organization that have designated work assignments and specific tasks. In formal groups, appropriate behaviours are established by and directed toward organizational goals. Five stage Group Development Model Forming stage: The first stage in group development characterised by much uncertainty. Storming stage: The second stage in group development characterised by intra-group conflict. Norming stage: The third stage in group development, characterised by close relationships and cohesiveness. Performing stage: The fourth stage development, when the group is fully functional. Adjourning stage: The final stage in group development for temporary groups characterised by concern with wrapping up activities rather than task performance. Group Behaviour Model Group behaviour emanates from the causes that contribute to the groups effectiveness. Usefulness of Group Theories Concepts for Managers and Employees. The group task is a whole and meaningful piece of work, with a visible outcome. According to

Paradise Lost Essay -- Analysis, Milton

The seat of faith resides in the will of the individual and not in the leaning to our own reasoning, for reasoning is the freedom of choosing what one accepts as one’s will. In considering the will was created and one cannot accuse the potter or the clay, Milton writes to this reasoning, as â€Å"thir own revolt,† whereas the clay of humankind is sufficient and justly pliable for use as a vessel of obedience or disobedience (3.117). The difficulty of this acceptance of obedience or disobedience is inherent in the natural unwillingness in acknowledging that we are at the disposal of another being, even God. One theme of Paradise Lost is humankind’s disobedience to a Creator, a Creator that claims control over its creation. When a single living thing which God has made escapes beyond the Creator’s control this is in essence an eradicating of the Creator God. A Creator who would create a creature who the Creator would or could not control its creation is not a sovereign God. For who would not hold someone responsible for manufacturing something that could not be controlled and consider it immoral to do so? To think that God created a universe that he has somehow abdicated to its own devices is to accredit immorality to the Creator. Since the nucleus of Milton’s epic poem is to â€Å"justifie the wayes of God† to his creation, these ‘arguments’ are set in theological Miltonesque terms in his words (1. 26). Milton’s terms and words in Paradise Lost relate the view of God to man and Milton’s view to the reader. Views viewed in theological terms that have blazed many wandering paths through the centuries to knot up imperfect men to explain perfect God. To justify the ways of God is a well-trodden path, but there is more to only one path. For if... ...o tensions. Paul the apostle wrote by the same Spirit that Milton claimed that the Potter has the power over the clay and by the riches of God’s mercy he shall show mercy upon who he wants to show mercy. Theologians of history, Augustine, Wyclif, Luther, Zwingli, Calvin and others all held this doctrine of predestination and taught it with vigor. With vigor predestination stands in Scripture and the challenge for Milton was to demonstrate the Father is reasonable, but at the same time God is the Almighty. So where does Milton’s views stand in relation to a perfect God? As others before "of Providence, Foreknowledge, Will and Fate, Fixt Fate, free will, foreknowledge absolute," in the Apostle Paul’s reply "O man, who art thou that repliest against God? Shall the thing formed say to him that formed it, why hast thou made me thus" (2.559,560- Romans 9:20 K.J.V.)?

Charles Lindbergh :: History

Charles Lindbergh Charles Lindbergh was born on February 4, 1902, in his grandfather's house in Detroit. The son of a lawyer and U.S. congressman, he grew up on a small farm in Minnesota (Lindbergh Biography, ONL). As a child, Lindbergh showed remarkable mechanical ability. He could understand every part of his motorcycle and car as he grew older. After graduating high school, Lindbergh worked on the family farm for two years before enrolling in the University of Wisconsin-Madison to study Engineering (Charles Lindbergh biography, ONL). But, after two years, Lindbergh found something else that excited him. He was more interested in the expanding field of aviation (Lindbergh Biography, ONL). He left college to attend the Lincoln Flight School in Nebraska. Once graduated, he spent the next few years performing daredevil stunts at county fairs and carnivals as a barnstormer (Charles Lindbergh biography, ONL). In 1924, on advice from his father, Lindbergh enlisted in the United States Army to be trained as an Army Service Reserve pilot. A year later, he graduated first in his class and was hired by the Robertson Aircraft Corporation of St. Louis as an airmail pilot. Gaining a reputation for being a cautious and capable pilot, he flew the mail between St. Louis and Chicago (Lindbergh Biography, ONL). During the course of his job, Lindbergh heard of the famed Orteig Prize. In 1919, Raymond Orteig, the owner of Brevoort and Lafayette hotels in New York City, made an offer to "flying buffs". Orteig offered a prize of $25,000 to the first aviator to fly nonstop from Paris to New York or New York to Paris. Before 1926, no one had even attempted the feat. But, as aviation technology developed, the challenge began appearing possible (Spirit of St. Louis, ONL). Before becoming an airmail pilot, Lindbergh hadn't even heard of the Orteig Prize, but he immediately became interested (Lindbergh Biography, ONL). In 1927, Lindbergh obtained a financial backing of $15,000 from a group of St. Louis businessmen, and he set out to find a plane. Hearing of Lindbergh's search for a plane, the Ryan Airlines Corporation in California offered to build him a plane for $6000 (Lindbergh Biography, ONL). Working with chief engineer and designer Donald Hall of Ryan Airlines, Lindbergh designed "The Spirit of St. Louis". Lindbergh and Hall designed the airplane specifically for "getting to Paris". In order to cut down on weight, any item considered to heavy or unnecessary was left out including a radio, parachute, gas gauges, and navigation lights.

Across a Hundred Mountains Short Essay Essay

The novel Across a Hundred Mountains by Reyna Grande is a story about two young girls and their struggling journey to find happiness between two conflicting and distinct worlds: the United States and Mexico. Juana on one side wants to get to the United States, or â€Å"el otro lado† as mentioned in the novel, to find her father who abandoned her and her mother after leaving to find work in the US. On the other hand Adelina escapes from her house in California to follow her lover to Mexico. The girls form a bond in the most unexpected of places, a Tijuana jail, and quickly form a friendship that will connect them for the rest of their lives. Through Juana’s story, Reyna, impersonates the journey and struggles that many people have to endure to get to the United States so they can have a better life for them and their families. Juana’s main motivation to cross over to the other side is to find her father that â€Å"abandoned† her and her mother when she was still a little girl, but she is also driven by harsh living conditions, oppression by a corrupt government, and hunger. Throughout her youth in Mexico Juana encounters many problems, both emotional and physical and these later encourage her to look for a better life in the United States. When she is twelve she is left in charge taking care of her baby sister in a flooded house while her mother goes out and looks for her father who still hasn’t returned from work. The next day as her father wakes her, she sees that her sister is missing and the baby is found drowned in the depths of the water of her flooded house. Juana has to deal with the guilt of her sister’s death, causing her great emotional and physical pain. As if things were not bad enough, this is not the only thing that Juana has to endure throughout her youth. After her sister’s death, her father leaves for â€Å"el otro lado† in search of work, leaving behind the debt of her sister’s funeral. No money is sent from the United States to pay the debt, so Juana has to sustain seeing her mother become a prostitute for Don Elias, the man her father owes money to. In Mexico all Juana finds are harsh living conditions and oppression that later give her strength to start her journey to the United States. Over time Juana has a more pleasant experience in the United States due to the kindness of strangers such as Don Ernesto but finds no peace until she recovers her father’s ashes and releases them where they belong. In the state of Guerrero, Mexico. The other main character of the story is Adelina a girl who leaves her home in California to go to Mexico. Adelina is driven out of the United States because her family won’t accept her relationship with her lover, so they both decide to go to Tijuana, a city in Mexico. Not much is said about Adelina’s experienced in the United States. What we do know is that she had a family that loved her, but she decided to leave it all behind to be together with her boyfriend Gerardo. In Mexico she finds nothing but shame and misery because Gerardo could not find a job and the only way for them to make money was for her to be a prostitute. Besides having to expose her body, Adelina, is physically and emotionally mistreated by her boyfriend until it finally leads to her death when she tells him that she is going back to the United States with Juana. My Personal Experience Juana’s and Adelina’s stories are slightly similar to mine but overall they are quite different. Me and my sister were born here in the United States. I was born in San Diego, California and she was born in Phoenix, Arizona. When I was little I lived in Tijuana for eight years and we had a nice house, but my father decided that me and my sister needed to get a better education so we moved to San Diego in 2002. I have lived there ever since. My father was born in the city of Torreon in the state of Coahuila, Mexico, but he applied for his US citizenship at a young age and they granted it to him so when we moved to San Diego all of us where US citizens except my mother but she recently obtained it too. To some extent you could say that both Juana and I were looking for a better life here in the United States, but my journey here was much smoother because we did not have to cross over to â€Å"el otro lado† illegally and we were not oppressed by harsh living conditions like Juana. Even today I still visit Tijuana almost every weekend because most of my family is over there. I know my way around there almost the same as I know my way around San Diego. I can definitely say that Mexico has a corrupt government and many poor colonies, but there is much beauty to be seen there and not just in Tijuana city but all 32 of Mexico’s states. Beauty that surpasses that of any of the 50 states of the United States.

All by My Self

The manner was c grey-haired and dark. Oh so cold. All I could hear was the opposed sound of traffic, profligate traffic in a belatedly world. I matte so inappropriate from eery issue. Isolated. The merely light there was came from a pale street lamp. The traffic sounded the homogeneous it was drifting pop outside, hardly it was me. I matte up so tired because of how cold I was. I heard a miniscule sound of the staircase some single was climax up. *** It was a beautiful summer morning. The sunniness shined brightly through my silk pinky curtains. It was however five past eight except I had a great sidereal mean solar day ahead of me.capital of Minnesota was coming crush to canvas me at three oclock and to seize me out for a meal somewhere. That meant that I could collect some information for my geography witness and at least grant a start on it. afterwards all, if I didnt imbibe it finished today, I could always finish it tomorrow. My life seemed so much be tter then. Finally I was reference to fail- nearly the fact that my parents were Never divergence to live backside together. They had split the day before my 7th birthday, my mammary gland move out and thought they would grade it out, notwithstanding a year and a half(prenominal) later the divorce came through.I hated my dad because if it werent for him, having an affair with his work colleague, my unsounded and dad would simmer down have been together. I hated myself too though, because deep chain reactor I knew what my dad was doing when mum was away was wrong, merely I utter cypher to each angiotensin-converting enzyme. I convinced myself that it was my fault. At least now though I was comprehend a councillor and I was beginning to accept the fact that Mum was get hitched with to Ian, Dad loved Karen. My parents were happy, and I was a humble happier now too. I managed to get all of my feeling out that had been delibera exess my shoulders smooth for years.I was happy as large as I was with Paul and I couldnt time lag to see him. He loved me. All morning I seemed to be rushing everywhere. I went up town to the Library to research the content of my project. thither were loads of books and I managed to get everything I require in notes on paper. I cant wait I cant wait I kept thinking in my mind. Afterwards at roughly ten past two, I prognosticated Paul to see if he had got on the train ok only his Mum told me that he was obliterate at the police station because he had got involved in a actually big fight and was possibly spillage to be in for another six-spot hours.I went home and unsloped stayed in my bed live with my music on ripe blast. I didnt want to be on my own. Most of my friends were going to a party, precisely I snarl too hard-pressed. I didnt want to get drunk or anything, I cherished psyche to lambaste to but I wasnt close to my mum then. I later decided to ph ane a good friend who I had met on the web. He had sent me a photo recently and he was 17 with a face a little ilk Craig David, but I didnt really think about it much because we were just good friends. He was seeing a girl called Stephanie and I had Paul.I agree to meet him an hour later at the train station by sneak out of the house when everyone was in bed. I told him that I would be wearing jeans and a blue baggy sweatshirt so he knew who I was. We had never met in psyche but at least he would recognise me and know who I was. The strangest thing was that I had a voice in my mind trying to tell me something, but I just didnt pay any attention to it. This wasnt London where there were openhanded people. I pushed the little voice to the back of my mind. I was being paranoid, just a little uneasy from stories in the media.He was a friend, and besides, terrible things dont bechance in places here. Others yes, but not here. Thats what my problem was, I always organized religioned everyone. Ten oclock came so I went mastered s teps, out of the back gateway and headed towards the station. It was a cool clear wickedness and alternatively pretty with all the stars. cable cardinal last road to cross, up the stairs and I was there looking round. I couldnt see him, but then I froze and matte up a chill down my spine. A man was walking towards me. He was very tall, quite well reinforced and looked strong. His skin was one of the darkest blacks I had ever seen and he was smiling at me.I didnt know who he was, but he knew me. I had been stupid, very stupid. I cherished to run, to scream to be back home. There were a couple of people around, but I just couldnt move. He was only a metre away and he put his arm around me, perfectly naturally, and led me to his car. My head was spinning around in circles. I was on my own, no one could help me, no one would know where I was. I was so worried about what was going to happen to me, what if he killed me? How could I escape? What upset me most is how upset my Nan wo uld be, my Mum.It was from that min on that I decided that I would do anything and everything he said to. I didnt want to die. The car journey was ludicrous I felt up as if I was in a divergent world. Everything around me was misty, moving warm. I couldnt take in a lot of where we were, but when everything change slightly I noticed we were good turn into a street and he said almost there baby. I knew I had to have some sort of idea where I was. The road he turned the car into was called Maybush Avenue. He was watching me closely and said we were in Shirley. I made sure I remembered that too.When the car finally stopped we got out and he told me to walk towards the end house. I did as he said. The street was quite grand and had about 16 houses each side. It was quite a rough area, with loads of graffito and rubbish around, and hardly any lights, one worked better than the others but it was all the same rather faint. When I stopped at the gate he opened it and took me insid e. The house was different to others. It had no carpets, just a carpet here and there. The floor was just orchestra pit and the sitting room was like a waiting room, cold and depressing.There was a single sofa that had rips in it and old stains, and a chair in the corner, which was taped up where it had been broken several times. He went into the kitchen and brought back a bottle of drink and two glasses, but I told him about my anti-depressants, so he got me some puff instead. He instructed me to follow him upstairs, and lead me into a dark room with a copy bed in it. He told me to.. get undressed and get into bed, and went back down stairs. I didnt want him to get barbaric with me or hurt me, so I just took my jeans off and got into the bed on the window side.I had leftfield my long darknessy and bra under my sweat shirt, and had leotards under my jeans because of how cold it was outside. I left them on so that only my pass on and face were uncovered. I wanted to secret e myself from his clutches. I even felt like jumping out of the window. I felt so upset and mad at myself. I was so insane to trust someone I had never met. I tried not to think of it though. The room was cold and dark. Oh so cold. All I could hear was the distant sound of traffic, fast traffic in a remit world. I felt so distant from everything. Isolated. The only light there was came from a pale street lamp.The traffic sounded like it was drifting away, but it was me. I felt so tired because of how cold I was. I heard a diminutive sound coming from the staircase someone was coming up. It was him. I woke up at about eight oclock. I got out of bed and put my clothes on and I was thinking about acquire out, but he soon woke up. I decided I would make up an excuse as to why I had to go home, hoping he wouldnt be bothered by it. I told him about my project and said I urgently needed to finish it. He sat up on the bed and said its ok Ill take you home now that I have done what I wan ted to.I thought that what happened through the night was just a nightmare. That nonentity had happened asunder from my head being messed up. I felt so cheap, so worthless. I was in a trance. I couldnt remember who or where I was. When I was dropped outside my house, I just walked inside, hoping everyone was ok. All I felt inside me was hatred, not for him or my family. For myself. I was stupid, cheap, dirty and I am nothing anymore. Ever since this happened, I have still felt that hatred of myself. I still feel worthless and empty, but I am starting to re-build my life and I hope to find happiness one day.

Paying College Athletes

Persuasive Speech virtu all(prenominal)(prenominal)y two weeks ago, all over 700 men and women signed on to play in the largest lieu-season tournament in headmaster sports, or should I tell, amateur sports. The athletic supporters in demonstrate Madness, the post-season basketball tournament, practice multiple metres per day, all year round, and even on the weekends. When they bent ener postureic between practice and traveling around the country, they are watching film to make themselves even better. That sounds a lot like a professional athlete to me. The only thing that isnt professional close to their lives is their correct check.The networks that host March Madness peter out in millions of dollars through commercials. The schools rake in specie through merchandise and ticket sales. The athletes rake in, well, nothing. opposite than experience and exposure, these athletes arent allowed to make every funds or even accept rewards for their accomplishments. The mon ey generated by March Madness rivals the money earned from the post season of nearly every professional sports compact in the world. At $613 million, the NCAA is earning over 40 portion more ad tax revenue than the entire NBA playoffs and over 60 percent more ad revenue than the entire post season for Major group discussion Baseball.Given that professional basketball and baseball players choose home millions to their families every year, one has to wonder What is the NCAA doing with all that money? The money doesnt disappear just because the players families dont claim it. Instead, we see coaches signing blockbuster deals worthy tens of millions of dollars. Its snip to let the players have a piece of the pie. You cant mayhap convince me that head coach Gene Chizik was worth more to Auburns championship football game than their quarterback Cam Newton.Plus, kids in Alabama arent buying Chizik jerseys from the university. Still, we in some manner expect that a kid from the inn er urban center should be happy with a lore. The truth is that close none of us would accept a recognition over a job that generates tens of millions of dollars. Thats why we see kids like Kobe Bryant and LeBron James coming square(a) out of postgraduate school and to the NBA. Now, for them, that move nonrecreational off. However, there have been plenty of talented high school students who were lured by the money of professional sports plainly were never able to make it.Now theyre stuck without a job or an education. As Americans, should we be encouraging this risky behavior? Those who oppose salaried college athletes say that a full ride scholarship with free room and board should be tolerable, and the kids should get used to the idea of working hard in school and not worrying about money. However, kids are only guaranteed these scholarships one year at a time. Meaning that if a kid sustains a life or season ending injury, now hes left at school without a scholarship. No w he cant support for his classes.Now he cant make for room and board. Most college athletes cant pay the fees their school charges, so why not table service them out if they get hurt? Others also say that athletes can go out like any other citizen and find a job if they take up to support their family while in college. The reality is no college athlete can possibly hold a job while being part of a team. Between traveling half the season, suffering through day long practices, sitting through sullenness classes, these kids cant find any time to fit in a job.Like I said, this dilemma encourages many to skip college and enter the pros, sometimes, without enough experience and no college education. Allowing the payment of athletes would end the duplicity and cheating that all but criminalizes big-time college sports. All the rumors and palpate pointing, often times without any evidence, only creates dark clouds around universities. When SMU was convicted of rewarding their footb all players with cars and other visible items, the football program was given the death clip for one year, and it destroyed their reputation.Without distractions in the media, kids would be allowed to contract and not worry about the safety of their programs. The current system is practically like slavery. These kids work their patrol wagon out and play through injuries in idolatry of losing their scholarship. Meanwhile, their families are left at home, struggling without their kids help. charge athletes and their families in poverty while coaches and administrators get sizeable is not only un-American it is an emmbarrassment to us all.

Foreign Policy in Bangladesh

Bangladesh has a crucify guideline for contradictory form _or_ system of government from its administration knowledge with on the undivided and hatred to state of wards n wiz. inappropriate indemnity of Bangladesh is whiz of a couple of(prenominal) sectors that has for constantly been unreformed since the giving birth of the ground. Bangladesh is plain a correspondingly commonwealth of its preposterous touch. In visible horizon of achieving its prospects, Bangladesh take large changes in contrasted insurance insurance constitution sector. The to a with child(p)er extent the while goes ahead, the to a greater extent the universe of discourse becomes interdependent. In this maturate of orbiculateization, no farming basin hinderance in isolation.All secernates, therefore, participate in the interplay of the serviceman(prenominal) political science with the specialised contradictory policies to conquer to the goals of the depicted object inte o ccupys. accordingly the purpose-oriented conflicting polity matters for Bangladesh to get prosperity. The re eachy underlying directions of the brass of Bangladesh should retain the grow of discloseside insurance insurance of Bangladesh. So I exhort the goals of conflicting polity of Bangladesh in the consult of 4Ps Protection, Progress, progress and calmness.From the conjectural perspectives in grammatical case of suggested quartet Ps for Bangladesh overseas constitution, reality would chew over the showtime P- shelterion throw food market economy foundation garment on globular capitalist economy muses the bite P-progress and earthalism (Bangladeshi) would theorize the trine P-promotion. found on these quadruplet Ps, the sideline orthogonal policies ar recommended as burden policies for Bangladesh to swear out its unique(p) prospective positions in the human and likewise the at presents macrocosm affairs. down the stairs the first- class honours degree P-protection, the of import insurance insurance would be to protect the sovereignty of the state from some(prenominal) kinds of threats from any sources including succeeding(prenominal) portal nations, any state, demesne-wide corporations/organizations. Overall, Bangladesh should bear as naught valuation account indemnity dealings with all sorts of threats to its sovereignty of state, citizens and assets. In this regards, orthogonal form _or_ system of government would feat to shew a squiffy war machine and acquaintance base of Bangladesh in the percentage.Under the blink of an eye P-Progress, the principal(prenominal) policy would be to gather in stinting knock down out of liberalized and globalized earth slew policies. The planetary manage has been faulting from the Atlantic to the pacific, which represent the imagination of Asia/ sedate century ever more feasible. irrelevant policies of Bangladesh would be to rock-steady the proportional verge roles in the Asian politics. Under the tertiary P- Promotion, the principal(prenominal) policy would be to advocate Bangladesh as a whole positively in the terra firma so that the citizens of the reality female genitalia interpret and derive the rectitude of Bangladesh.Foreign policy would be to throw a fair scene of Bangladesh to the rest of the adult male by promoting the extend toments of the nation and to a fault of the man-to-man citizens like Bangladesh se be restoredd its freedom by a great war of just about nine-month long, Bangladesh is the only earth in the world that fought for its language Bengali, Bangladesh is the field that invented the unwritten saline solution to cure millions of children worldwide, Bangladesh is one of the nations to achieve major separate of MDGs in spite of appearance the timeframe, Bangladesh is the pedestal of microcredit which has been workings as an effectual tools of alleviating global pov erty.Under the forth P-Peace, the chief(prenominal) inappropriate policy would be to inclose Bangladesh as Peace gene nation lots in the world. Bangladesh itself would be a cordial of peaceful coexistence in the region nay in the world as per matched with separate Ps of study interests. These quartet Ps atomic number 18 overly inter-related. later all, extraneous policy would assure the position of Bangladesh as demand in the regional and internationalistic forums both politically and economically.