French and American Court System Research Paper - 1

French and American Court System - Research Paper Example The American Court System has basically the same degrees of organization with federal and state courts hearing the case when it is first brought up, a Court of Appeals for appeals made from the decision of the federal and state courts and the Supreme Court which has the final say when the case has not been resolved in the Court of Appeals. (American Bar Association, 2006); ( Wasby, 2000) As compared to the United States where the Supreme Court has the final authority on the interpretation of the Federal Constitution and all statutes and regulations created pursuant to it, the authority in France which has the final say on the interpretation of the law is divided into two: the Conseil dÉtat for administrative cases and the Court of Cassation for civil and criminal cases. The Jury System is a court proceeding where sentencing decision makers are people (note that it is more than one person) who may have no or little education in law and a judge as an arbiter/overseer of the proceedings such as in the United States. This is in contrast to other systems such as a Professional Judge which makes use of a career attorney delegated by the state to become a court’s sentencing decision maker. This is the mode among countries such as Japan and the Philippines. Besides from the jury which employs lay persons (lay in the sense that they may have little education in law), there also exists the lay judge where a layperson (singular) serves as the judge. This system can be found in many tribal communities where religion governs and legal codes and education are not yet well established. The jury is supposed to be the protector of the individual’s rights from the decision of the state by having the case presented to peers or equals of the accused who by being peers can understand the motivation or plight of the accused. Presumably, they are to understand the actions of the accused and judge whether the actions were prudent and acceptable to common values of equals in the same society.

Discuss the impact of globalisation on an African country. (Nigeria) Essay

Discuss the impact of globalisation on an African country. (Nigeria) - Essay Example There is not only economic aspect to globalization, as it also has an impact on the political, cultural and ideological aspects of countries and their relations. In the case of underdeveloped countries it is often viewed that Globalization helps in their development however this tends to vary as there are certain positive and negative effects of globalization in case of underdeveloped countries. In the eighties Globalization came out as a liberating force freeing the world from the military politics. In the nineties, with the advent of information technology it further gave the concept of turning the world into global village. It was with globalization that led to the adoption of western models by the underdeveloped countries such as Nigeria (Bigman). In Nigeria today there is a socio-economic flux that has been aggravated due to the cultural legacy (Bigman). Its economic position is quite weak mainly because of the inadequacy in its economic capacity as well as its infrastructure. This economic weakening is also attributed to the monoculture dependency and the terms of export trade which are quite unfavorable. There is also agonizing burden of debts. Also before 1986 the country had expansion policies for its monetary and fiscal policies due to its regulated economic regimes in order to develop the economy (Obadan). However due to the political instability and rise in corr uption these factors were worsened leading to less investment choices for foreign investors. In view of the globalization, Nigeria has followed a liberalizing trend whereby it has taken measures to facilitate its economy but due to the unfavorable macroeconomic conditions, credit facilities and technology the sectors could not produce accordingly. Also, despite opening its economy Nigeria has depended mainly on its oil exports where its foreign

What Makes Business Communication a Success

What Makes Business Communication a Success Introduction Business communication is vital for success in all business. Success in this context means, being able to accomplish a particular task or to achieve a specific objective. Good business communications in relationships either with fellow staffs or customers is needed in order to prosper. Business success can be measured in terms of the practicability of business relationships which is directly proportional to the quality of communication (Harvard Business School Press, 2003:122). In this paper I will look at the ways of achieving successful communication, the difference between slogans and media sound bites and how slogans are used to draw audience attention. Steps in Achieving Successful Business Communication The first step in successful business communication is to identify the communication weaknesses in a business. This can be through brainstorming where challenges facing the business can be identified. Such challenges can be obtained through reviewing the day to day activities of the business (Guffer Almonte, 2009:4). Some questions may serve as a guideline, these include: Have employees been provided with a good working environment? Are they happy with what they are doing? Has the business been able to satisfy all the clients? Is proper information provided to all stakeholders? Is there good flow of conversations? After reviewing the above issues, then the business has to address these challenges giving the first priority to the most troublesome. By addressing the challenges one by one the relationship in general is strengthened. There is need to develop proactive and constructive communication skills in order to tackle these challenges. Once a challenge is chosen, one has to consider the issues that make it a challenge then address them systematically. For example, a business may be faced by a challenge of unsatisfied employees; issues causing this may be inadequate communication, lack of a safe working environment or poor organization structure. If such issues are addressed, then that challenge will be tackled. Communication means more than just giving out messages; it involves speaking, listening, sending, and receiving messages (Guffey, Rogin and Rhodes, 2009: 4). In communication, listening is the key to success and most of the time listening gets people into problems because they do not practice it. For business communication to be successful, listening has to be proficient. Listening simply means holding back ones judgment and allowing answers to come from outside. When a business is faced with challenges, there are people who already know what the problem is. Allowing them to give their ideas concerning that particular problem really helps. It is not always easy to hold back and allow others to give their opinion but if this is practiced it results in business communication success (Krizan et al 2007:82). After listening and taking notes from the suggested solutions, a business can now move forward and define what it wants to achieve. This is a very critical stage and one has to be proactive in order to achieve success. One has to think about the benefits to be achieved and how they will affect the success of the business. A suggested solution may be to improve the businesss relationship with its customers. Strategies to achieve this includes but not limited to answering calls in a polite manner, addressing all concerns, listening to customers, responding to complains, providing information, and thanking customers for their support (Stone Jacobs, 2007:179). This helps in earning customers confidence. The next step is to prepare a communication plan that is proactive. This is a plan that is prepared after defining a business success and getting solution from the listening activities. Things to be included in the plan include: taking employees to seminars that cover topics such as customer care, organizing get together between employers and employees, rewarding employees, holding regular meetings, including major stakeholders in business decision, assurance to personal service among others. This plan does not concentrate in solving past troubles but in laying down a good foundation that guarantees business future success (Pride et al 2009:169). A communication plan should take into consideration the availability of resources and whether the business aims at a long term or short term objective. Once a communication plan has been prepared, the business now focuses on the implementation. The expected result should be kept in mind and the main constitute of the plan reviewed to make sure they are in line with the expected result. The implementation process should involve as many people as possible but it should have one person who is accountable to it. Once the implementation process is complete, the business should take time to reflect on what it has just done and consider whether it has been able to meet the objective of the plan. The final step of a successful business communication is evaluation of the results. One should go back two steps and review what was the objective and aim of carrying out the plan. The results should be evaluated to make sure that they are in line with the expectation. Once the business is satisfied with the result, it should take time to thank everyone who participated in the whole process and reward itself. Sound Bites Sound bites are brief statements that clearly state the aims, purpose, or nature of a certain product. They are taken from an interview of a person with authority such as a politician, a director, or a marketing manager of a certain company. Sound bites are considered to be the most important point from the interview by the people responsible for editing it and they are inserted into the news broadcast (Whitaker et al 2004: 289). For them to be effective they must use vivid self-motivated language, be brief and clear, outstanding and easy to repeat (Mclean, 2010:2). Slogans Slogans are short and memorable phrases that are used in advertising movements. They are aimed at drawing peoples attention to particular features of a product. The main purpose of a slogan is to emphasize an aspect that a company may wish to be remembered such as marketing its corporate image, product, or its consumer foundation. An effective slogan should give an overview of the benefits of a certain product, it should be direct and brief, give an implausible notion about the product or brand, and it should make the consumer feel a need for the product (Shimp, 2008:220). A slogan portrays the best image of a product. It should make a product appear as the best in the market. Examples of such slogans include: Guinness is good for you, Gillette- à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the best a man can getà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Persil -à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“washes whiterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Some slogans used in water conservation include à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“conserve water and conserve lifeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“cut one tree, plant twoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“rainwater tank, wont break the bankà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The message in slogans is aimed for a specific purpose and for specific audience. An example of a reproductive slogan is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“keep that school girl completionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Palmolive soap. For survival à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“obey your thirstà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  spirit, for a specific audience à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“choosy mother choose Jifà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Jif peanuts butter (Saad, 2007:156). Conclusion Business communication is vital in business success. For communication to be effective it should embrace good relationships with major stakeholders of a business. One has to establish the weakness in business communication, address these weaknesses and allow room for listening. Communication means more than just giving out messages; it involves speaking, listening, sending and receiving messages. Listening simply means holding back ones judgment and allowing answers to come from outside. The next step is to prepare a communication plan that is proactive. This is a plan that is prepared after defining a businesss success and getting solution from the listening activities then evaluate the results of the plan. Reference List Guffer, M. E. Almonte, R. (2009) Essentials of Business Communication. Cengage Learning, Guffey, E.M., Rogin, P. and Rhodes, K. (2009) Business Communication: Process and Product. Third Brief Canadian Edition. Nelson Education Ltd Harvard Business School Press, (2003) Business Communication. Harvard Business Essentials Harvard Business Press. Krizan et al., (2007) Business Communication. Cengage Learning McLean, S. (2010) Business communication for success: Sound bites and quotable quotes [Online]. Flat world knowledge. Available from: http://www.flatworldknowledge.com/pub/business-communicatin-success/70245 Pride et al. (2009) Business. Gale, engage Learning Saad, G. (2007). The evolutionary bases of consumption. Marketing and consumer psychology series. Routledge Shimp, T. (2008) Advertising Promotion, and Other Aspects of Integrated Marketing Communications. Cengage Learning Stone, B. Jacobs, R. (2007) Successful direct marketing methods: interactive, database, and customer-based marketing for digital age. New York, McGraw-Hill Professional Whitaker et al., (2004) Media writing: print, broadcast, and public relations. New York, Routledge

Rebel W/out A Cause Essay -- essays research papers

REBEL WITHOUT A CAUSE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rebel Without A Cause is a movie about three troubled, identity-seeking teenagers alienated from the world of their parents (Jim Stark, Judy, and Plato). Each of the movie’s main characters is searching for understanding, companionship, and a sense of belonging, much like most of the teenagers today. Even thought the movie is dated, it depicts the main problems and concerns that teens currently face. This film offers no answers. It merely presents the problems and the viewer is left to ponder how they'll turn out. I could identify with this movie on many levels. And I think that much of the young audiences out there could as well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The movie seems to tell the audience that just because teenagers do some bad things, doesn’t mean they’re bad at heart. I agree. In the movie, Jim is pressured into participating in a chickie run with a local gang leader named Buzz. A chickie run is where two guys race in a car towards a cliff. The first one to jump out from his car is a chicken. Jim feels he has something to prove. He doesn’t want to race, but he feels he has to show everyone he’s tough. Usually most teenagers today don’t want to get into trouble, but if it is necessary to put their lives on the line they will, simply to maintain their reputation. This is primarily associated to a phenomenon that teens encounter every day of thei...

I.T and Hauhaus Essay

As they are the competitor within the market, the retailing strategies to be used are similar. Therefore, it is easier to collect and compare the financial data and draw out the conclusion to see which company would be worthier to invest. The report covers the company and industry background, ratio analysis, future forecast of two companies’ performance. 2)Company Background Bauhaus (0483, HK) Bauhaus was found in 1991. It has been listed on HKEX stock market since 2005. There are more than 200 retails store and over corners and point of sales in Hong Kong, Macau ,mainland China and Taiwan,. Apart from selling different foreign brand, liked Cheap Monday, G-Star, EVISU etc, Bauhaus also building the local brand liked Salad, T Tough Jeansmith and 80/20. It is a leading retail store in selling casual wear, especially for jeans item. There are 234 Bauhaus shops in Asia. Using the wholesale strategy, Bauhaus can expand the business from Asia to Western country. In the future, it may diversify its product line like launch more foreign brand to increase its competiveness. I. T (0999, HK) I. T was found in November of 1988. It has been listed on HKEX stock market since 2005. The Group has an extensive self managed retail network extending to nearly 450 stores across Greater China with staff around 4,800. The brands are well accepted in Thailand, Saudi Arabia, Australia, the Philippines and France. More stores will be opened in these places in the future. The feature of I. T retail store is group several brands in a sizable retail location. It owns a number of in-house brands liked 5CM, fingercroxx and X-large, as well as distributing European and Japanese designer’s brands such as French Connection and A Bathing Ape Comme des Garcons, D&G, etc. 3)Industry Outlook Hong Kong is one of the fashion hubs in Asia. There are a wind variety of local and international fashion brand locate there flagship store in Hong Kong. The competitive is dynamic and incentive. Hong Kong consumers are willing to spend money on fashion and clothing. As the purchasing power of is high, so the demand of fashion product is huge. According to CIA THE WORLD FACTBOOK, this entry gives the gross domestic product (GDP) or value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year. From this result, Hong Kong is ranking to 37 after compared to 227 countries in the year of 2010. According to the information from Asia Case Research Centre (ACRC), it shows that retail is the 2nd largest sector in the service industry that accounted for 85. 7% of Hong Kong’s GDP. Also, The Census and Statistics Department (C;SD) indicate that the value of total retail sales in October 2011, provisionally estimated at $34. 2 billion, increased by 23. 1% over a year earlier. Analyzed by broad type of retail outlet and comparing October 2011 with October 2010, wearing apparel increase 14. 6%; footwear, allied products and other clothing accessories increase 11. 3%. This data proofs that the demand of fashion items is huge and purchasing power in this region is relatively high. Besides, tourists come to Hong Kong are increasing each year; they bring with high purchase power in fashion items, especially those Chinese tourists. According to the statistics released by the Immigration Department, about 800,000 to 900,000 Mainland visitors travel to Hong Kong monthly. It shows that Hong Kong’s market has a huge potential development chance. According the data of Hong Kong government, the sales revenue of retailing business has a growth during April of 20010 to Feb of 2011. It is because the economic environment is better than past year. Hong Kong’s GDP fell in 2009 as a result of the global financial crisis, but a recovery began in third quarter 2009, and the economy grew nearly 6. 8% in 2010. In addition, China’s economy growth fast, the performance of its economy growth is greater than the other country. And Hong Kong’s economy is influenced by China very much. In the future, we can see that Hong Kong’s retailing business will growth rapidly. It seems a great chance to develop the retail business; however, there are some risks on the growth of fashion retail business in Hong Kong. Nowadays, Globalization is a hot topic of the world, more and more foreign brands enter in Hong Kong market, such as GAP, Forever 21, Zara, H&M and Monki, etc which provide good price and trendy design merchandises. They regarded Hong Kong as the stepping stones to go into the China market. With more branding in Hong Kong, the competition between them is becoming more intensive and serious. Therefore, the local fashion retailers have to build up their competitive advantages to withstand the impact from those foreign brands. Also, because of the inflation of Hong Kong and China, the cost of the materials, labor and transportation is getting higher. Garment manufacturing is a labor intensive activity. The cost of garment is mainly from the increasing labor cost and transportation cost. In order to deal with, the retailer probably need to order more amount of quantity each time to achieve the economy of scale, so the cost will be lower. Furthermore, as we know that Hong Kong’s rental price of shop is the first three expensive in the world. The rental price has been increasing rapidly in the recent years. From 2010 to 2011, the rental price was increased more than ten percent. So, rental price of the store is a core cost of any business, especially fashion retailer as it needs a large space for displaying and storing the products. The rental cost affects the profit of the fashion retailers. To conclude, Hong Kong fashion retail market is still positive. There are many great opportunity for Hong Kong fashion retail to expand its business. However, there are some uncertainty need to be pay attention, such as the entrance of foreign brands and the unstable rental cost. So, the local fashion industry needs to create a competitive strategy to deal with. For example, local fashion retailers can use the attractive marketing strategy, liked collaboration with other brands, provide excellent customer services and building great brand image. 4)Ratio analysis i) Test for profitability I. T (in HKD 000)Bauhaus (in HKD 000)* a)Return on Equity (Net income / Average stockholders’ equity)416945/[(1843212+1477723)/2] =25. 1%25. 1% b)Profit margins (Net income/ Net Sales)416945/3834422 =10. 9%11. 4% ii)Test for liquidity I. TBauhaus c)Current Ratio Current Asset/ Current liabilities1873282/1012495 1. 85%3. 3 d)Quick Ratio (Current Assets- Inventory)/ Current liabilities(1873282-736717)/1012495 =1. 1%1. 7 e)Inventory Turnover Cost of goods sold/ Average Inventory1405482/[(736717+394520)/2] 2. 52. 0 iii)Test for Solvency and equity position I. TBauhaus f)Debt/Equity Ratio Total liabilities/ Total stockholders’ equity(1012495+429852)/1843282 0. 78(149 7+126461)/494938 0. 26 iv) Market test I. TBauhaus g)Price/Earnings ratio Current Market Price per Share/ Earning per Share4. 88/0. 33 =14. 82. 98/0. 32 =9. 3 h)Dividend Yield Ratio Dividends per share/ Market price per share0. 146/4. 8 =3. 0%0. 177/2. 98 =5. 9% *Quote from annual report* Two financial reports announced in different date- Bauhaus- For the year ended 31 March 2011 I. T—for the year ended 28 February 2011 i )Test for Profitability Profitability is a primary measure of the overall success of the company. This is a class of ratios that are used to assess a business’s ability that generate earnings compared to its expenses and other relevant costs incurred. To determine rather the company is valuable for investing or not which need to get high profitability when compared with competitor’s company. However, in fashion industry, the sales revenue is seasonal. For example, the sales revenue is much higher during Christmas and Chinese New Year in Hong Kong. So, we should not compare the retailer’s fourth-quarter profit margin with the profit margin from the same period a year before because it would be far more informative. a)Returns on Equity This ratio indicating how much income was earned for every dollar invested by the stockholders. ROE can reflect if they have used the money that invested in the company to generate much more income. If the ROE is low, it shows that the returns of the investors will not be high. And the company doesn’t utilize the resources that they have invested. Two companies have a similar result of this ratio. Both two companies can generate about 20% of income using stockholders’ equity. It is because retail store is not very high investment to enter the market; it has higher ROE when compare to other industry liked Construction Company. In order to measure the company is worth to investing on; ROE ratio should not be lower than 15%. So, two companies are worth to invest on. b)Profit margin Profit margin is an indicator of a company’s pricing strategies and how well it controls costs. It is calculated by finding the net profit as a percentage of the revenue. A low profit margin indicates a low margin of safety: higher risk that a decline in sales will erase profits and result in a net loss, or a negative margin. The higher profit margin means that the company has a higher ability to generate profit. I. T’s result is 10. 9%, it is lower than Bauhaus 11. 4%. I. T should minimize the expense. Bauhaus has a higher profit margin in 2010/2011. It shows that they have put effort to maximize the profit. Since compared with last year (10. 5%), it has been increased. i) Test for liquidly It is a class of financial metrics that is used to determine a company’s ability to pay off its short-terms debts obligations. A company’s ability to turn short-term assets into cash to cover debts is of the utmost importance when creditors are seeking payment. Bankruptcy analysts frequently use the liquidity ratios to determine whether a company will be able to continu e as a going concern. c) Current ratio This ratio measures the ability of the company to pay current debts as they become due. It is the important ratio that we can identify if the company has a good cash flow. If the debts recalled but the company does not have enough money to pay it, the company may be asked to bankrupt. On the other hand, current ratio should be in appropriate level. Ratio is too high means the company did not fully utilize the current assets to generate the profit. Bauhaus have a higher current ratio than I. T, it means Bauhaus’ ability of returning the debts is greater than I. T. It can more utilize current assets to generate more income. It shows that they have $3. 3current assets for returning $1 of current liabilities. Investor need to concern the ability of a company that utilizes the current asset. I. T has a lower Current ratio than Bauhaus. However, it is enough ability for them to returning the current liabilities when they are recalled. And it shows that I. T has better utilization of the assets to generate profit. It shows that they have $1. 85 current assets for returning $1 of current liabilities. d) Quick Ratio Quick Ratio is similar with the current ratio with no consideration on the inventory factor. It is more representatives to measuring rather the company can return the current liabilities immediately. The quick assets included Cash, Accounts receivable etc. These assets can return into cash in short time. Inventory will not be counted in this ratio as it may need longer time to return into cash and a risk of cannot be sold. It is a very important ratio for fashion industry, since the trends cycle of clothing is fast, the product may be in today, but out day tomorrow. So, fashion retailer should not keep too many inventories. Bauhaus have a higher in Quick ratio, however, compared with the current ratio, it is a great variation on two ratios. It means that the inventory tied up its current assets. It is not a good issue on a fashion company. They need to bare the risk on high discount of the product when the product is outdated. It will be high losses on the revenue. They can minimize the inventory through different method, liked big sale, buy one get one free and so on. Although the quick ratio f I. T is lower than Bauhaus, it is enough to returning the debts when all the current debts are recalled. e) Inventory Turnover This ratio measure how quick of a company sells their inventory. Higher inventory turnover lead to shorter cycle on inventory. Since inventory is not easily being sold out and transform into cash in a short period, fashion retailer should not hold too much inventory. Since fashion items are easily faded out. If the company store too much stock, the risk of the inventory cannot be sold out will be increase. Also, the expenses of storing will be occurred. Once the inventory is outdated, the company needs to sell it in a large mark down price. The profit of the company will be affected Since Bauhaus have a lower level on inventory, its inventory turnover will much slower than I. T. It may tie up the capital if the inventory cannot be sold. So, company should reduce the level of inventory. I. T has a greater performance on inventory turnover. It shows that they have shorter cycle on inventory. So that it is much easier transforming inventory into cash. iii) Test for Solvency and equity position It’s a set of ratio that to test the company can be able to meet it long-term repayment responsibility. It provides a measurement of company can continue to meet its debt obligations. f) Debt/ equity Ratio This ratio measure a company’s financial leverage calculated by dividing its total liabilities by stockholders’ equity. It indicates what proportion of equity and debt the company is using to finance its assets. I. T’s result is 0. 33, shows that $0. 33 liabilities that exists for each $1 invested by the owners. It is a very low value. Bauhaus’s result is 0. 21, which is lower than I. T. In the Balance Sheet, we can find out that Bauhaus did not ask for the long term debts from the third party. It shows that they don’t have the interest burden. The result shows that two companies is not using the debt financing to acquire the financial resources, liked selling bonds, bills or notes to the investors. Debt financing is much higher risk than equity financing. As these two companies is listed company, they would like use the equity financing to raise money. And the equity financing method is more safety and no regular interest burden. v) Market Test Market test relate the current market price of share of stock to an indicator of the return that might accrue to the investor. It based on the share market’s perception of the company. It can let the investor to know if the company is worth to invest. g) PE Ratio Current Market Price per Share/ Earning per Share This ratio measur e the relationship between the current market price of the stock and its earnings per share. The higher the ratio, the higher the perceived quality of the earnings by the share market. It also shows the future growth of company. If the P/E ratio is too high, it means that the value of the company is overstated. And it is not a good choice to investing on that company. I. T have a higher PE ratio than Bauhaus it means that the quality of the earnings by the share market is higher. It is more worth to invest h) Dividends Yield ratio This ratio measures the dividend-paying performance of different investment alternatives. The higher of result, the better performance. Bauhaus have a higher result, it shows that they have higher dividend-paying performance. If the investor wants to put the money into low risk and long term investment. They can choose this company. 5)Limitation on analyses of ratio Since two financial reports is announce in different ended date. The result may not be accurate. The fashion retail industry turnover is seasonal, like The Chinese New Year of 2011 was in February so the sales turnover must be high in that moment. After that, the turnover will be drop. So, these two companies will in different sales turnover rate. 6)Forecast of the company’s future prospects This part can be divided in to two parts, the 5 years income statement analysis and potential risk of the company. a)I. T The diagram shows that turnover have been increased gradually during 2007 to 2011. Although 2008-2009’s local economy is in down turn, the company still can strive to increase of turnover. It is predict that the company will probably maintain the increment since the economy situation is recovering and the local residents will spend more money on clothing items. The diagram shows that I. T had undergone a decrease on profit in year 2009 due the poor economy situation. And they suffered decrease of financial income. And the operating expense was higher than 2008. After 2009, there was a great improvement on profit. It has six times more profit comparing during 2010and nine times during 2011. It is predict that the company will probably maintain the increment of the profit if it can keep the level of expenses. However, there are some risks have been raised. The operating cost is increasing during these 5 years. Since the rental price is much higher in the recent years. They should adapt different strategy in order to keep the cost in the low level. Another risk is that I. T needs to pay attention that is the exchange issue. Since I. T sources many merchandises from different countries and the foreign exchange is unstable. For example, Japan YEN is much higher exchange rate. However, I. T’s buying office purchase many Japanese fashion brand products. So the cost and price of the merchandises will be impacted by the exchange rate. To deal with risk management, I. T embed a risk alert culture throughout the Group, the Internal Audit Department has implemented an annual internal control risk self-assessment to allow major business units to identify and analyze the risks underlying the achievement of business objectives and to determine a basis for how such identified risks to be managed and mitigated. In the coming future, I. T should pay more attention on risk management in order to prevent suffering from the economy situation and to have a greater growth. Bauhaus Bauhaus also have a gradual increase of turnover during 2007-2011. The increment from 2009 to 2010 was slowly. It may because of the economy situation was still not recovered yet. However, there was a sharply increment from 2010 to 2011. It is predict that, the turnover will be increased faster. Bauhaus also suffered a decrease of financial income in 2009. After 2009, there was an improvement on profit growth. However, the improvement is less than I. T. The diagram shows that the profit properly tends to be increased. Bauhaus also face the foreign currency risk and operation cost increment risk. The Group continuously monitors its foreign exchange position and, when necessary, will hedge foreign exchange exposure arising from contractual commitments in sourcing apparel from overseas suppliers. Generally, the Group introduces conservative strategies on its financial risk management. In the future, Bauhaus will have a great growth. However, in the fashion business market, the information is run fast, the risk is always happen. The company should build up a risk management system to minimize the risk of company operation. 7)Conclusion The financial performance of both Bauhaus and I. T compared in this report is great. And the prediction of their future growth is positive. Thereby, two companies are worth to be invested. The above ratios show that Bauhaus have a better performance than I. T. For the investor that can undergo low risk, so the investment on Bauhaus is more preferable. It is because the company growth and financial debt position is better, and it has a higher dividend yield, and they keep on paying the dividends in last 5 years. For the investor who wants to have higher return, I. T will be a good choice. It is because the PE ratio is lower, so the company still has a great improvement and the share price probably being increased. It’s good for the investor that purchasing the stock in low price and then sold them in higher price.

Health Care Innovations

Health Care in growing within their technological field every day. They are continuously coming out with new things that can help improve the world of health care as we know it. One of those things that they have come up with is online health care clinics. Online health care clinics are clinics that you can go to from anywhere where you have internet access, most people use it from home or by phone, but you can also use it while you are traveling as well. You can use these services day or night, and you just pick the state that you will be traveling through when the prescription is available.These clinics have all the same staff that a normal clinic that you would visit would have, accept you can do everything online right at from your fingertips. Virtual clinics treat common conditions such as acne, bladder infections, breast infections, burn and sunburns, some STI’s (chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Trichomoniasis) Cold, Cough and Allergy’s, Deer tick bites, ear pain, Flu, lice, pinkeye and styes, skin and nails issues and yeast infections. (â€Å"Virtuwell†, 2013). What happens is when you first log on to the clinic you create a username and password for future reference if you need to come back all your information can be saved.You provide all your information to a nurse practitioner, they review your information and within 30 minutes or so they get you a prescription or whatever treatment that is needed. You do not have to have insurance; if you do, the cost may be reduced if you do not have insurance its $40, plus the cost of the prescription. This is a quick and easy way to get those common conditions evaluated and treated by trained health care workers from the convenience of your home.Online health care can benefit patients because they do not have to leave their homes or offices in order to speak with a doctor about a condition and can get advice right there online or over the phone without having to wait in line and pay the costly office vi sit. Although this program is not available for more in depth conditions, common conditions that are easily treatable can be addressed in these online clinics. Online health care clinics can improve quality of life because of the convenience of seeing a physician online.However, for someone who does not have access to the internet or does not really know how to use the internet it may not be as useful for them. By having these services available to speak with a doctor online and having common conditions diagnosed it will decrease health care spending because not as many patients are going into the clinics or hospitals for common conditions which allows lower cost in health care. It is also more cost effective for the patients because if they do not have insurance it’s a small fee versus getting a higher medical bill by going into an actual clinic that they would not be able to pay later.Patients can decrease the amount of money they are spending on health care by utilizing th ese online health care clinics. They will not be paying for expensive office visits and if a prescription is required for their condition, they can ask for a generic drug that will also reduce health care spending. These virtual clinics are also nice for health care providers because it allows them to see and diagnose more patients in a shorter time. In addition, everything is online so you are avoiding the cost of paper being used because it is all stored online.You even have the option of keeping your records online for you to come back and access at anytime that need to see them. This is not only cost effective for the patient but also for the health care provider as well because they are reducing the amount of money it cost to store those records. I believe that online health care clinics will become a big trend into the future as our technology continues to advance. I know there isnt a lot of states right now that offer this program.Virtuwell is only offered in Minnesota, Michi gan and Wisconsin, but as the word gets out about this program, I think that more and more states will develop online health care clinics because it avoids people coming into the clinics and passing germs around, with the option of going online you can stay at home and the sicknesses can be more controlled. ————————————————- References Virtuwell. (2013). Retrieved from http://www. virtuwell. com

How to Correctly Place Too and Enough in English Sentences

How to Correctly Place 'Too' and 'Enough' in English Sentences Too and enough  can modify both nouns, adjectives, and adverbs. Too  indicates that there is too much of a quality, or too much or too many of some object. Enough means that there is no need for more of a quality or object. Here are some examples: Shes too sad these days. I wonder whats wrong.I dont have enough sugar. Lets go to the supermarket.Youre driving too slowly!There are too many students in this class. It should be smaller.This test is difficult enough already!We have too much pollution in the world. Focus on Enough Reading the examples, you may notice that enough is sometimes placed before the word it modifies. For example: What do we need for dinner? I think we have enough vegetables, dont we?She feels that Tom has more than enough time to help. In other examples, enough is placed after the word it modifies. For example: You should ask John for help. Hes rich enough to help us all!I dont think they are smart enough to take that class. Take a look at the words modified in the examples above. You will note that enough is placed in front of the nouns vegetables and time. Enough is placed after the adjectives rich and smart. Rules for Enough Adjective Enough Place enough directly after the adjective modified when using enough as an adverb to mean to the required degree or extent. Hes not patient enough to understand children.My friend wasnt intelligent enough to take the job. Adverb Enough Place enough directly after the adverb modified when using enough as an adverb to mean to the required degree or extent. Peter drove slowly enough for us to look at all the houses.The students studied carefully enough to do well on the exam. Enough Noun Place enough directly before a noun to state that there is as much or as many as required. Do you have enough money for your vacation?Im afraid we dont have enough oranges to make the dessert. Focus on Too Reading the examples, you can notice that too is used with nouns, adjectives, and adverbs. However, when using too with nouns, too is followed by much or many. The choice of too much or  too many  depends on whether the noun modified is countable or uncountable, also referred to as count and non-count nouns. Anna is too concerned about her grades.The boys are too crazy today!We have too many books in this room.There is too much information to learn these days. Rules for Too Too Adjective Place too before adjectives to state that something has an excess amount of quality. Hes too angry about that incident.Mary is too anxious about her cousin. Too Adverb Place too before adverbs to state that someone is doing something to an excess or more than necessary. That man is driving too slowly. I wonder if hes been drinking.You are speaking too rudely to that man. Its important to be kind! Too Much Uncountable Noun Place too much before uncountable nouns to state that there is an excess amount of an object. We have too much time on our hands this weekend.Youve put too much sugar in the cake. Too Many Countable Noun Place too many  before plurals of countable nouns to state that there is an excess number of an object. Franca has too many problems to deal with this week.The boys have bought too many clothes. Lets take some of them back to the store. Too / Enough Quiz Rewrite the sentence adding too or enough to the sentence to modify an adjective, adverb or noun. My friend isnt patient with his friends.I dont have time to get everything done.I think the test was difficult.There is much salt in this soup!You are walking slowly. We need to hurry up.  Im afraid I have many responsibilities.Peter isnt working fast. Well never finish on time!I wish I were intelligent to pass this test.  Is there wine for dinner?He types quickly, so he makes a lot of mistakes. Answers My friend isnt patient enough  with his friends.I dont have enough  time to get everything done.I think the test was too  difficult.There is too  much salt in this soup!You are walking too  slowly. We need to hurry up.  Im afraid I have too  many responsibilities.Peter isnt working fast  enough. Well never finish on time!I wish I were intelligent enough  to pass this test.  Is there enough  wine for dinner?He types too  quickly, so he makes a lot of mistakes.

This Letter of Recommendation Got Me Into Yale!

This Letter of Recommendation Got Me Into Yale! Below is a letter of recommendation for which I am extremely grateful.   Dr. Carol Nash was my history teacher for two years in high school (including AP History), and boy could she write a letter of recommendation! What do you see works in this letter?   What would you improve?   Here it is: Dear Admissions Committee: When Brenda Bernstein tackles a question, the result is a definitive work!   Brenda was in my tenth grade Global Studies class and, on my recommendation, my eleventh year 1985-86 Advanced Placement American History-Economics class.   She ranks among my most outstanding students.   It may be premature to speak of a definitive work; nevertheless, I am certain that she will be working on the frontiers of knowledge. The students in the global Studies class were expected to find four articles on the French Revolution in different types of sources.   Brenda’s impressive search bore all the marks of an outstanding scholar.   For example, she located a particularly unusual primary source.   The result was an outstanding paper which represented a truly significant contribution to my understanding of the women’s rights movement in the French Revolution.   Brenda also most effectively communicated the information to the class during the class discussions.   For her paper on the socio-economic basis of Hitler’s rise to power, Brenda drew her material from sophisticated journals.   In the AP class, Brenda did a really exhaustive paper on Quaker anti-slavery sentiment.   The paper was full of solid information and creative and intelligent comments.   For example, she suggested that the Quaker community served as a support network for individuals who deviated from the r est of the establishment.   Brenda wrote all her papers with style and imagination, and she demonstrated complete mastery of the basic research techniques. Brenda’s insightful treatment of the material was evident on her tests.   For example, analyzing how the new American nation inherited England’s problems, she observed that the decentralization of the Articles of Confederation created many problems just as the want of decentralization had done for England before.   This link shows her ability to compare, contrast, and synthesize.   The rest of the essay demonstrated her mastery of the historical literature.   Just as she wrote integrated and creative papers, Brenda wrote an excellent document based essay drawing comfortably from the documents and her outside information.   Brenda’s analytic essays comparing historians like G. Wood and C. Kenyon were exactly on target.   When she was asked to find evidence to support historical interpretations, Brenda demonstrated her superior capacity to interpret data. Brenda is a petite young lady with an enormous mind and unusual intellectual maturity.   This is matched by her rich personality. Carol S. Nash, Ph. D.

Indefinite Articles When to Use An Instead of A - Proofeds Writing Tips

Indefinite Articles When to Use An Instead of A - Proofeds Writing Tips Indefinite Articles: When to Use An Instead of A The problem with the English language is that it rarely sticks to its own rules. This can be confusing when it comes to ensuring high grammatical standards. The indefinite article, for example, can be either â€Å"a† or â€Å"an† depending on the situation. And while this is probably a word you use on a daily basis without even thinking about it, it is still one that many people find confusing. Why Are There Two Versions of This Word? There are two versions of the indefinite article in English because it is easier to pronounce â€Å"an† than â€Å"a† when it comes before a word beginning with a vowel. Using â€Å"an† separates the article from the following noun, so â€Å"an office† is correct but â€Å"a office† would sound wrong to most people. The general rule is to use â€Å"an† before words beginning with vowels and â€Å"a† before words beginning in consonants. But, as with most rules, there are exceptions to this, which is where things get tricky. Hard Vowels One important exception is words beginning with hard vowels. This includes any word that starts with a vowel but sounds like it doesn’t, such as â€Å"university† or â€Å"Europe.† Although these words start with â€Å"u† and â€Å"Eu† respectively, they are pronounced with a â€Å"you-† sound at the beginning. For instance, it is â€Å"you-niversity† rather than â€Å"oo-niversity.† In cases like this the word should be preceded with â€Å"a† rather than â€Å"an,† as in the following example: The koala lived in a eucalyptus tree Correct The koala lived in an eucalyptus tree Incorrect Soft Consonants Another issue that many find confusing is whether to use â€Å"an† before words starting with â€Å"h.† This is, in fact, much simpler to resolve in American English than in other English speaking countries, where words like â€Å"historical† and â€Å"heroic† are sometimes pronounced with a silent â€Å"h.† In Britain, for example, you might meet people who write â€Å"an hotel† rather than â€Å"a hotel.† But in the US this is very rare. If in doubt, the key again lies in the pronunciation. Do you pronounce the â€Å"h† at the start of the word? If so use â€Å"a†; if not use â€Å"an.† For example: There was a house on a hill Correct There was an house on an hill Incorrect Basil is an herb commonly used in Italian cuisine Correct Basil is a herb commonly used in Italian cuisine Incorrect In summary, if you’re ever confused about whether to use â€Å"a† or â€Å"an† in your writing, try reading it out loud; if it starts with a consonant sound, use â€Å"a,† while words which start with a vowel sound need â€Å"an.† And if ever you see a horned horse flying a rotary aircraft, remember that it’s â€Å"a unicorn piloting a helicopter† and not â€Å"an unicorn piloting an helicopter.† You’ll find more helpful grammar tips on our academic blog, while if you’d like to have your work checked by one of our expert proofreaders here at Proofed we offer a variety of services to meet your specific requirements.

Political Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Political Philosophy - Essay Example Politics was the central point of the Philosophy. This science embodied the whole creative development and reflected the practical wisdom of the humankind. Kant is the most popular for his clear definition of Right and the role it plays in the society. He correlates Politics with the Right and the Right with the Morals. Kant worked at the developments in the field of the Science and the State... The great philosopher talks about Right as the highest moral value and bases the principles of Republic in accordance with the notion of the Natural Right. There is a need to reach the highest moral order in the Republic and the Laws should be an embodiment of the universal rule of justice. Therefore, Kant talks about correlation of Politics and Nature. There is a need to focus on the principles of Politics on the triggering forces of the humanity. In other words, it is relevant to correlate the principles of a natural struggle for the existence with the nature of the social forces. One of hi s main Doctrines is the following: â€Å"the groaning and travailing in pain of the whole creation,’ are consummated, pacified, and stilled in the highest political Good, which is Perpetual Peace realized in a universal Federation of Humanity within which all other human goods—Sociality, Religion, Art, Science—come to perfect flower and fruit† (van der Linden 1988, p. 32). In this claim it is evident that the philosopher reflected the basic principles of political reflections of the eighteenth century. The historical developments and international events led to the developments and a struggle for the principles of liberty, which have been considered in terms of different revolutions (Murphy, 2008). The political principles are resumed and condensed with the philosophical background of the ideas of the great philosophers, such as Aristotle, Locke, Kant and many others. Kant was much focused on the developments of political ideas and his ideals have often r emained underdeveloped and fragmentary ones. Kant developed his ideas with the help of the metaphysical method. Kantian Political Philosophy Kant was much focused on both theoretical and practical political philosophy. This great thinker treated Politics as the â€Å"metaphysics of morals† (Williams 1992, p. 388). He correlated human behavior with the developments of political philosophy. There is no doubt that an individual is the center and the main creator and developer of different laws and regulations. Kant was much concerned about â€Å"anthropology† and took into account the developments in cultural studies. The social and political philosophies of Kant are closely connected. There are two contrasting points in the developments of Kant’s philosophies: on the one hand, it is relevant to refer to the â€Å"rules of behavior in regard to free choice†, and on the other hand, it is relevant to take into account â€Å"the rule of knowledge† (Willi ams 1992, p. 240). The Metaphysics of Morals is divided into two main parts: the â€Å"Doctrine of Right† and the â€Å"Doctrine of Virtue†. The categorical imperative is the central issue for Kant. It should be noted, that this concept is discussed in a separate chapter in the paper further on.

The Nature of Love in the Philosophy of Kierkegaard Term Paper

The Nature of Love in the Philosophy of Kierkegaard - Term Paper Example Nevertheless, an accumulator of romantic and dutiful forms of love is Christian love. The way Kierkegaard develops his vision of different forms of love is illustrated by his quotations. Providing an in-depth analysis of the quotes, we’ll make an attempt to penetrate into the depth of the nature of love, following one of the greatest philosophers of the nineteenth century, Soren Kierkegaard. Romantic love The basis for discussion about romantic love was found by Kierkegaard in Plato’s Symposium. Plato presents mainly a male perspective on love, because there is more letters by Johannes to Cordelia. There are only three of them written by Cordelia to him in the preamble to â€Å"The Seducer’s Diary† under the male pseudonym â€Å"A† (Collins, 1953). An interesting character of the reflective seducer shows to the readers, that it is much more interesting to live and perceive love in possibility and not in actuality. This man is involved into interesti ng modeling of reflections and different modes of action. There is an interesting myriad of psychological states and having travelled across different moods it is only possible to perceive one or another thing or phenomenon. Thus, this character is an intermediary taster of different forms and aspects of love. He cannot experience it to the fullest extent, because of his unachieved selfhood, but on the other hand he cannot perceive all aspects of Christian love, because this form of love is too elevated for him. In this work Kierkegaard differentiates romantic love from Christian love. In his further work this differentiation remains, but there can be seen transformations and correlations between these types of love, which will be presented further on (Collins, 1953). Thus, it is surely claimed in this work that Christian and erotic love is incompatible. There is no sensuousness in Christian love [Sandseligheden], which is the integrative part of erotic love (Kierkegaard SV1 I 44; K W III 61 cited from Collins, 1953). In other words, erotic love is selfish and Christian love is selfless. The oppositions between Christian and romantic love is shown on two different levels: the aesthetic and the ethical ones. There is a perfect example illustrating the way Kierkegaard differs between ethic and aesthetical aspects in marriage and in one’s individuality. Wilhelm claims that: the ethical is a restricted civic virtue restricted and it is not a divine goodness. Eros and divine virtue are two parallels, which can never meet. Kierkegaard clearly differentiates between aesthetic and ethical issues: aesthetic reflections are selfish and individual, while reflections of ethical concerns are open for community, is full of transparency. An aestheticist is prevented from love perception to the fullest extent. He is a selfish individual and love is ad ipsum (or â€Å"for himself†). Further reflection of aesthetic perspective on romantic love can be seen in the ce ntral claim that romantic love is immediate and it is nothing more than an instantaneous desire. Moreover, love is not natural necessity or a result of reflective action or thoughts; beauty, instantaneous emotions are triggers of romantic love. In such a way, we can see that Kierkegaard focuses our attention on not very deep nature of romantic low. It is hollow and momentous. It is the first stair of the spiral stairs (Collins, 1953). Dutiful love There is a difference also between love in marriage and

International Business Theory and Practice Essay

International Business Theory and Practice - Essay Example Starbucks is one of the leading coffee chain businesses in the world which has been exemplary in their strategies for domestic as well as global expansion processes. Starbucks Corporation in a Washington based company but over the last decade, the company has employed different innovation strategies to expand their business internationally and has increased its number of stores across the world at an accelerated rate making it one of the fasted internationally growing multinational corporations across the globe. The company is specifically focused on expanding into the emerging markets with high potential for growth like Middle East, Europe, and Asia pacific including China, Korea, India and the Latin America markets. This paper focuses on the different strategies of Starbucks in entering the emerging market of North Korea. There are a number of studies and theories presented by different scholars and researchers who have studied the different factors related to the international expansion of various multinationals. The Uppsala model for internationalization expansion processes was one of the earliest developed models for global expansion policies of multinational companies. The Porter’s diamond model for competitive advantage of nations is a critical model used to understand the different locational and company specific advantages to be considered in the international expansion process. According to the study of Chen and Mujtaba (2007) the entry mode factors considered for the expansion strategy are based on transaction cost model and can be considered the most critical step in the global expansion process (Chen and Mujtaba, 2007, p.322-337). The transactional cost model states that the implementation cost of an entry mode is a critically relevant factor in choosing the entry mode for implement ation. According to the work presented by Tang and Liu (2011), the evaluation of the

Human resorce web Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human resorce web - Article Example It also said that the company's management had failed to address and correct the issue even after the victims raised complains. The acts violated the Civil Rights of 1964, Title VII. The company also was to offer training to all employees, furnish the commission with its employment-practice reports for 3 year period and source for consultancy to review the company's policies dealing with harassment and the involved procedures in an agreed consent decree which was, on September 5 approved by the court. The above case shows that rules on work discrimination needed to be strengthened and taken very seriously. In addition, the laws are still weak on these cases since I feel that the senior officials would have been taken personally responsible for this misconduct. All forms of sexual harassment to interfere with a person's employment, performance at work un- reasonably, intimidates him/her or sense of it, hostile or work environment that is not conducive. The laws also prohibit discrimination against age, disability, pay discrimination, national origin, pregnancy, race, religion and retaliation.

Final research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Final - Research Paper Example With such an increased connectivity, there has been a concern surrounding the effects of the internet on the society. It is unfortunate that in the recent past, the internet has been perceived to cause a multiple of negative effects. Such a negative perception of the internet as causing only negative effects is not justified and only serves to hinder the recognition that the internet has significant benefits. One of the outstanding benefits of the internet is the fact that it offers a broader platform of socialization irrespective of physical distance. Human beings are social and will utilize every available opportunity for socialization. The internet has brought forth the development of social media such as Facebook, Twitter and Badoo. These social networking sites have introduced a new virtual platform for socialization. They have increased the global connectivity since people from different regions are constantly in conduct regardless of physical distance. Social networking sites which have been made possible by the availability of the internet have opened up new avenues for people from different regions to connect and interact without any form of limitations. It is evident that, the internet has brought about an increased connectivity of people, especially family, friends and partners who are separated by physical distance. Such people can still communicate and remain in contact via social networking sites. This is proven by statistics from Facebook, which is one of the popular social networking sites. Currently, the site has over 800 million users from all over the globe. This means that, these individuals can constantly stay in touch as long as they have an internet connection. They are able to interact and develop relationships online. Their connectivity and social conduct can occur anywhere and at any given time. Moreover, Skype has also proved to be an additional site that increases social

Bendix Policies Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Bendix Policies - Case Study Example Their reactions showed that they greatly feared the loss of their position and reputation. This is due to the fact that William Agee’s method of leadership, which is decentralizing powers and his own spontaneous style of meritocracy, is both in contrast and in conflict with board members and other managers’ style of corporate handling. It is ethically wrong for them to treat her rise to the ranks with much sour judgment. At the same time, it would have been to Mary Cunningham’s best interest to have shown some measure of respect toward the board members. Even though the board members were wrong from the start, she should have at least shown some degree of politeness. Also, prudence would have worked well for her advantage. If she was more discreet with regards to her closeness with William Agee, there would have been less scrutiny and suspicion coming from other managers. William Agee should have also put an effort to avoid such scrutiny by showing some professional distance between him and Mary Cunningham. That way, both would have less trouble with regards to the position placing issues and resistance from the board

Final research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Final - Research Paper Example With such an increased connectivity, there has been a concern surrounding the effects of the internet on the society. It is unfortunate that in the recent past, the internet has been perceived to cause a multiple of negative effects. Such a negative perception of the internet as causing only negative effects is not justified and only serves to hinder the recognition that the internet has significant benefits. One of the outstanding benefits of the internet is the fact that it offers a broader platform of socialization irrespective of physical distance. Human beings are social and will utilize every available opportunity for socialization. The internet has brought forth the development of social media such as Facebook, Twitter and Badoo. These social networking sites have introduced a new virtual platform for socialization. They have increased the global connectivity since people from different regions are constantly in conduct regardless of physical distance. Social networking sites which have been made possible by the availability of the internet have opened up new avenues for people from different regions to connect and interact without any form of limitations. It is evident that, the internet has brought about an increased connectivity of people, especially family, friends and partners who are separated by physical distance. Such people can still communicate and remain in contact via social networking sites. This is proven by statistics from Facebook, which is one of the popular social networking sites. Currently, the site has over 800 million users from all over the globe. This means that, these individuals can constantly stay in touch as long as they have an internet connection. They are able to interact and develop relationships online. Their connectivity and social conduct can occur anywhere and at any given time. Moreover, Skype has also proved to be an additional site that increases social

Fasibility on Generic Pharmacy Essay Example for Free

Fasibility on Generic Pharmacy Essay INTRODUCTION According to http://en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacy DRUGSTORE is a common American term for a type of store centrally featuring a pharmacy. Drugstores sell not only branded and generic medicines, but also miscellaneous items such as candy, cosmetics, and magazines, as well as light refreshments. During the height of the war on drugs, many stores removed the term Drugstore from their signage and replaced it with the more politically correct term Pharmacy. A PHARMACY is the health profession that links the health sciences with the chemical sciences and it is charged with ensuring the safe and effective use of pharmaceutical drugs. The scope of pharmacy practice includes more traditional roles such as compounding and dispensing medications, and it also includes more modern services related to health care, including clinical services, reviewing medications for safety and efficacy, and providing drug information. From http://en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugstore A GENERIC DRUG is a drug defined as a drug product that is comparable to brand/reference listed drug product in dosage form, strength, route of administration, quality and performance characteristics, and intended use. It has also been defined as a term referring to any drug marketed under its chemical name without advertising. Although they may not be associated with a particular company, generic drugs are subject to the regulations of the governments of countries where they are dispensed. Generic drugs are labeled with the name of the manufacturer and the adopted name (non-proprietary name) of the drug. A generic drug must contain the same active ingredients as the original formulation. http://en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic_Drug BRAND-NAME DRUG a drug that has a trade name and is protected by a patent (can be produced and sold only by the company holding the patent). http://audioenglish.net/dictionary/brand-name_drug A DRUG is a substance which may have medicinal, intoxicating, performance enhancing or other effects when taken or put into a human body or the body of another animal and is not considered a food or exclusively a food. http://en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug In addition to being operated as a private business and selling affordable medicines, our pharmacy are also catering free services such as free medical consultations and check-ups. We are willing to help our fellow Filipinos by giving discount in their medicines especially in terms of calamities like those people who is flood victims and typhoon, our pharmacy is willing also to give substantial discounts to those who would like to buy medicines for donation purposes. In recent years, people demanded for cheaper medicines because of the change in the quality of living. At the same time the generic medicines industry is growing through the years and there are provisions that supports the selling of generic drugs in the Philippines which is R.A. #6675 which is an act to promote, require and ensure the production of an adequate supply, distribution, use and acceptance of drugs and medicines identified by their generic names. Our business proposal is a generic pharmacy. 1.1 COMPANY DESCRIPTION The proponents, Ms Asio, Charis Ann, Ms. David Divine Grace, Ms. Garay, Rosalie, Ms. Llanza, Buengie, Ms. Manto, Noreen and Mr. Montallana, Reynaldo will manage and supervise the entire operation of the Medicure Generic Pharmacy, an unlimited liability company. The proponents combined efforts in the creation of Medicure Generic Pharmacy have serve to come up with detailed plan that encompass the important elements required to succeed in today’s competitive pharmacy environment. In closing, we feel the business plan for Medicure Generic Pharmacy represents a realistic expectation of success for all parties involved. Moreover, we will be providing a benefit to the community by providing a great product and secure jobs to community residents. LOCATION The proponents decided to place the pharmacy in the corner of Jalleville Subdivision along Quirino Avenue San Dionisio Paranaque City based upon the facts that all potential pharmacy locations is far from the Our Lady of Peace Hospital. Our propose location are located in closest to hospital and also it is in the corner which many Barangay’s are located. It is also along in the Quirino Avenue which is most of the passengers and car owners from Las Pinas, Pasay and Paranaque City are pointing this road. CAPITALIZATION Establishing a Generic Pharmacy apparently needs capitalization. In approximation, the proposed business will cost P 1,390,000.00. The 65% of capital will be funded by the proponents and the remaining 35% are loan from the bank. Charis Ann AsioDavid Divine Grace| Php 150,583.33 150,583.33| Garay Rosalie| 150,583.33| Llanza Buengie| 150,583.33| Manto Noreen| 150,583.33| Montallana Reynaldo| 150,583.33| Capital ContributionBank LoanTotal Capital Investment| 903,500.00 486,500.00 Php 1,390,000.00| START-UP SUMMARY The Medicure Generic Pharmacy will incur the following needed start-up cost. * Office Furniture’s and Fixtures * Chairs * File cabinets * Desks * Machineries and Equipments * Computer server with a laser printer, and a back up system, installed with software; Microsoft Office, QuickBooks pro, drug interaction software, Physician Desk, Reference Software detailing side effects and other information pertinent to the customers * Two front counter, storage bins, cash registers * Refrigerators * Air-condition * Store Supplies * Envelopes * Ribbons * Bond papers * Ball pens * Tape * Staples and stapler * Trays * Plastic bags etc. * Store front build out * Signage * Logos * Paints etc. * Lease * Star-up inventory * Generic medicines * Miscellaneous items * Working capital * Contingency fund * Legal fees * * BIR * SEC * MAYORS PERMIT * BUSINESS PERMIT * MERALCO * NAWASA BREAKDOWN OF START-UP COST Office furniture’s fixtures Php 160,000.00 Machineries Equipments160,000.00 Store Supplies 50,000.00 Store Build Out200,000.00 Start-Up Inventory450,000.00 Legal Fees 70,000.00 - Working Capital300,000.00 Total Capital RequirementPhp1, 390,000.00 VICINITY MAP Medicure Generic Pharmacy 1.2 BUSINESS CONCEPT MISSION †¢ To offer the widest range of quality affordable generic medicines putting customer satisfaction above all by serving our clients’ needs efficiently, effectively, providing friendly and professional counseling. †¢ To recognize the importance of our employees in achieving our aspirations, and to keep them highly motivated based on the principles of fair compensation, meritocracy and respect. †¢ To educate the public about quality generic medicines and to provide various community services to fulfill our social responsibilities to our countrymen. VISION THE MEDICURE GENERIC PHARMACY aims to be the leading national chain of drugstores offering quality and affordable generic medicines with superior customer service that will satisfy the customers need. VALUES * Integrity We will commit to truth and honesty in what we say and do, and practice high standards of fairness and ethics at work and in our relationships. * Customer Satisfaction We will serve and interact with our internal and external customers as best as we can, in a professional and friendly manner. We constantly look for innovative products and services that will answer their needs. * Excellence We will aim high in everything we do and continuously seek to improve our level of performance. * Team work We will communicate and cooperate with one another, working together in an harmonious way to achieve the company’s goals. * Respect for the Individual We will show respect, appreciation and concern for every person. We engage in positive relationships based on mutual trust. * Social Purpose We will do believe that it is our responsibility to help the community and our countrymen. We recognize that the nature of our business, especially the corporate focus on quality affordable generic medicines, gives us a unique opportunity to make a very positive contribution to the health of the communities that we serve. TAGLINE Mabisang Gamot at Serbisyong Maaasahan GOAL The Medicure Generic Pharmacy long term goal is to become the number 1 generic drugstore in the Philippines offering a very effective and efficient customer service and having a strong sense of social purpose. HISTORY The proponents come up with an idea of putting up a Generic Pharmacy catering to customers when some of the proponents made a research in one of our major subjects which was Marketing Research. The research was entitled The Perception of the Consumer on the Effectiveness of Generic Medicines in a selected Barangay in Paranaque City. This completes its essence of the outcome of the research and will serve as a basis for future studies on business. We also agreed to come up with a business that was related to our research as mentioned which is a Generic Pharmacy. Since we already have the idea that this kind of business will have a chance in the market due to the needs of the consumers of affordable quality medicines. Since we are Business Administration students major in Marketing Management we are applying all what we have learned. The propose name of our business would be Medicure Generic Pharmacy. â€Å"Medi† is a short word of medicine and â€Å"Cure† means recovery or relief from a disease. We decided to have this catchy for an easy retention to our clients or customers. VENTURE DESCRIPTION The proposed establishment is a generic pharmacy named Medicure Generic Pharmacy. We will be able to sell generic drug prescriptions at reduced prices by carefully maintaining efficiencies and effective operations and by targeting a specific segment of the market or with over the counter and prescribed medication to our customer. Aside from catering generic medicines, we will be able to sell miscellaneous items such as cosmetics, tissues, toothbrush, candy, magazines, as well as light refreshment and etc. We believe that providing over†the†counter (OTC) medications that compliment prescription and miscellaneous items can create a â€Å"one†stop†shop† for the customer. For employees, a more comprehensive line of front†end and over the counter items that consist of items that may be needed during the work day such as tissues, toothbrush can create an added customer convenience. In both instances, providing non†prescription items can eliminate the need for the customer to travel to other settings that offer prescription services. When considering non†prescription items for product placement, durable medical equipment (DME) should also be considered for resell. By focusing on this segment it gives us additional efficiencies we avoid disruptions in cash flow often associated with insurance payments and we can eliminate unnecessary services for the type of knowledgeable, repeat customer taking maintenance-type medication. Our pharmacy will operate from one store that will serve walk-in customers or those persons visited personally and buying over the counter. We will thrive by employing friendly and knowledgeable personnel, which, along with our great prices, will drive the repeat business that we will rely upon. We only expect that as the price of medication continues to skyrocket, the pharmacy will appeal more and more to the customers sense of value and convenience. Concept Description and Statement The Medicure Generic Pharmacy is a business venture that sells generic medicine to customers prescribed medication. We sell also miscellaneous items such as candies, cosmetics, toiletries, baby care products and medical or surgical products to customers for a one-stop-shop experience. We believe that in selling other merchandise assortments except for a generic medicine will serve convenience to our target customer. Our propose location is in the corner of Jalleville Subdivision along Quirino Avenue San Dionisio Paranaque City with a lot area of 25m long and 20m wide. It consists of two (2) POS, shelves, waiting area with seats, parking lot, fire extinguisher in case of emergency and a room for employees with one (1) comfort room. We put three (3) computers with systems including the price per quantity item. This will help the customer to canvass the price for their prescribe medication and other items by asking a pharmacist. We put a storage area where we can store our new delivered products. The pharmacy is fully air conditioned to maintain the quality of our products especially medicines. We hire people to man the pharmacy in a day to day operation. It consists of a one (1) General Manager, Supervisor, Registered Pharmacist, and three (3) Pharmacy Assistant. The Medicure Generic Pharmacy anticipates serving continuously from seven (8) o’clock in the morning up to nine (9) in the evening everyday from Mondays to Sundays. The expected table of operation are as follows.

Impact Of Community Violence On Children And Adolescents Criminology Essay

Impact Of Community Violence On Children And Adolescents Criminology Essay Using the Social Ecological Model as a framework for evaluating the effects of community violence effects on children and template for prevention and intervention programs Abstract The effects on children of community-based violence are consequences that raise grave concern in Jamaica and across the world. Various empirical work and reviews have well-documented the many negative effects. However, relations between community violence, the individual, the environment, and child development do not occur in a vacuum.  The impact can be understood as related to changes in the society, communities, relationships, and other  social  contexts which children experience, and in the psychological processes activated by these  social ecologies.  To promote this inter-related process-oriented perspective, a  social  ecological  model  for the effects of community violence on children is presented, to indicate the need for prevention and intervention programs to tackle the issue of community violence from this perspective.   Research questions: Are the impacts of community violence dimensional Hypothesis: Impacts of community violence are dimensional and have ripple effects across all dimensions as identified in Bronfenbrenner Social Ecological Model Community violence frequently refers to a wide range of events including riots, sniper attacks, torture, bombings war, ethnic cleansing, and widespread sexual, physical and emotional abuse (Logsdon, 2010). Background/Problem Living in chronically violent context has been a perennial problem in developed and developing countries. Community violence is recognized as a major public health problem (WHO, World Report on Violence and Health, 2000; Cooley, Lambert, Ialongo, 2003), and affects all racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups, but its impact falls most heavily on poor, urban, and minority groups, particularly youth (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1997; Christoffel, 1990, Stein et al, 2003). Much of the empirical work done on childrens exposure to community-based violence has focused on implications such as the impacts, protective factors, cause for childrens resilience, mediating and moderating factors among others, all evaluated as detached dimensions. This review proposes that living in a chronically violent context has the potential to affect childrens overall quality of life. Therefore, evaluating the implications of childrens experience of living in chronically violent setting and the impact on their development need to be looked at from a multidimensional level with it all being interconnected. Notably, research that focuses on any one level underestimates the effects of other contexts (Klein et al., 1999; Rousseau House, 1994; Stokols, 1996). The purpose of this review includes mutually greater insight into this particular context of living in chronically violent settings and the provision of a template for study of the impact of childrens exposure to violence in the Caribbean and other regions of the world.  Accordingly, the applicability of this approach is considered for the context of community violence in Jamaica. This review seeks to evaluate the four levels as a mode of informing prevention and intervention programs on how to target community violence based on the interplay intra-context and inter-context. The Social Ecological Model The Social Ecological Model (SEM) allows for the integration of multiple levels and contexts to establish the  overall impact and in conflict communication. (Oetzel, Ting-Toomey, Rinderle, 2006) In examining the effects of community violence, its most likely relevant to assess equally the individuals direct experience of violence as well as the actual amount of violence that is occurring in the surrounding environment, be it direct or indirectly. This distinction is analogous to Bronfenbrenners distinction between the microsystem and the exosystem (Bronfenbrenner, 1977). Direct experiences of violence are part of the childs immediate environment (or microsystem). These direct experiences occur within a broader context-the exosystem-that provides a backdrop for the childs immediate experiences. Rates of violent crime in a neighborhood, for example, provide a measure of how much violence is occurring in a community, even though the child may not be directly experiencing it himself or herself. But these more remote, ambient occurrences of violence still can exert influences on childrens development-through how they affect the availability and adequacy of resources and supports, and how they affect the familys emotional well-being and approach to daily life. Both direct (microsystemic) and indirect (exosystemic) experiences of community violence are important and relevant to investigate, and they each may affect childrens adaptation. It is important for researchers to be clear in specifying what they are measuring so that they can be more precise in their predictions and in their conclusions. However, despite the burgeoning of the research area, the knowledge base remains fairly diverse. It is dominated by research employing a few select measures or their revisions, several of which have yet to have their psychometric properties documented. Rather than reflecting a consolidated body of findings which can be used to direct policymaking and program design and implementation, the available work constitutes an increasingly complex and fragmented body of empirical findings, drawing from differing assumptions and operationalizations of what constitutes community violence (Guterman et al., 2000, p. 572) Social-ECOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK Bronfenbrenners (1979) ecological framework indicated that humans should be viewed in the context of their environment. Three of the levels within this ecology of human development are the macrosystem, exosystem, and microsystem. The broadest aspect, the macrosystem, consists of institutional patterns such as economic, social, educational, and political systems (Bronfenbrenner, 1979; Cicchetti Lynch, 1993). Bronfenbrenner defined the exosystem as a system that includes social settings, such as interactions between the neighborhood, schools, and churches, along with issues such as a lack of employment opportunities and pervasive low socioeconomic status (Cicchetti Lynch, 1993). Similarly, class status, chronic oppressive experiences, and exposure to violence also fit within the exosystem. The microsystem is the most proximal and directly affects a child (Bronfenbrenner, 1979). This level encompasses the complex interactions between a child and his or her family environment. To better understand relations between violence and child development it is crucial to examine the effects from multiple levels of societal functioning, including community and domestic conflict and psychological processes associated with violence exposure (Feerick and Prinz, 2003). its concentration in poorer areas during prepubescence and in younger adulthood (parenting age) suggests that poorer children are exposed to much more aggressive communities. This is likely to contribute to the disproportionate escalation in violence they experience during adolescence. Effective interventions to prevent such escalations are available and need to be implemented particularly in poor communities. Theoretical models need further development and testing. These models are needed for more compelling explanation on how and why exposure to violence affects child development at different levels (ie. Socially, emotionally, cognitively, neurologically). Such frameworks have the potential to better evaluate social, cultural, ethnic, and political contexts that are integral to understanding the impact of violence exposure (Feerick Prinz, 2003). Contextual theory attends to the influence from various contexts, especially the historical or socio-cultural climates. Ecological theory stresses the importance of various context or systems, including the Microsystems, mesosystems, exosystems and macrosystems. (internet cite) Microsystems encompass a setting that includes where we live, our family, our schools, and our neighbourhoods. Mesosystems pertains to the interactions between experiences in the Microsystems. Exosystems are experiences in another social setting that we do not have an active role in, but that have an immediate influence on us. Community violence falls within this level. However, it is clear that even though at another the interrelatedness of its influence is not detached within the system.Macrosystems generally speaking is the culture in which we live. The literature on community violence has shown that many negative outcomes are results from such exposure (Lynch, 2003, Stein, 2003 Osofsky, 1999). One suggestion for better examination of the effects of community violence is the use of longitudinal studies (Stein et. al). The researchers explained that the use of longitudinal studies would allow examination of the effects of violence on the developmental paths of children. Bearing in mind that the chronicity (when, how often, and over what time frame) of violence exposure may significantly influence a childs developmental trajectory longitudinal studies are essential to better understanding how early violence exposure relates to later violence exposure, symptoms development, school performance, violence perpetration, as well as other high risk behaviours (Stein et. al, 2003). This approach would tap into some levels of the systemic approach to examining the effects, but the interactions within and the influences of the macrosystem variables (poverty, lack of resources, socio-economic status, housing) are not factored here. The Context for the individual Exposure rates very high (Luthar Goldstein, 2004) Psychological effects Among the psychological correlates of childrens exposure to community violence are anxiety symptoms and disorders, depressive symptoms, academic failure, and school disengagement (Boyd, Cooley, Lambert Ialongo, 2003 and Cooley-Quille, Boyd, Frantz, Walsh, 2001) Diagram The individual/Microsystem PTSD Post traumatic stress Disorder (PTSD) is the most common psychological impact identified in the field of literature. In one study the researcher explored the relationship between exposure to chronic community violence and the development of complex PTSD that occur as a result of repeated exposure to traumas (Jones, 2007) Findings revealed despite community violence exposure was a daily part of living among the participants, formal kinship and spirituality, along with high levels of combined supports, demonstrated buffering effects on exposure to violence (Jones, 2007). Psychological effects Not surprisingly, many studies have demonstrated that exposure to community violence can be traumatic for children. Exposure to community violence has been positively correlated with symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in children ranging in age from the early elementary years through adolescence (Fitzpatrick Boldizar, 1993; Horowitz, Weine, Jekel, 1995; Lynch Cicchetti, 1998a). All forms of exposure appear to have some effect- hearing about violence in the community, witnessing it, and being personally victimized. However, chronic exposure to community violence and personal victimization by violence in particular may be especially relevant in the development of symptomatology (Lynch Cicchetti, 1998a; Terr, 1991). Victimization by community violence has been shown to predict levels of traumatic stress even when demographic variables and prior symptomatology have been controlled (Lynch Cicchetti, 1998a). In addition, victimization by community violence predicted symptoms of traumatic stress in a sample of urban children who had been maltreated by a caregiver, even after the effects of maltreatment severity were Substance abuse (Lynch, 2003) Behavioural problems are also linked with exposure to community violence (Stein, 2003) Among these are externalizing problems and internalizing problems. Notably, though there is a distinct association between behavioural problems and exposure to violence, the direction of that association is probably bi-directional. In essence, behavioural problems are simultaneously a predictor to exposure to violence and a result of exposure (Lynch, 2003). Mesosystem Similarly, exposure to community violence has been found to be associated with a wide range of serious problems that influence almost every area of a childs life. They include internalizing and externalizing problems, substance abuse, disturbances of cognition, poor peer relationships, lowered educational outcomes, and higher rates of juvenile justice offences (for reviews see Osofsky, Wewers, Hann, Fick, 1993; Osofsky, 1995; Lynch, 2003). Children are at high risk of for both internalizing and externalizing problems (Luthar Goldstein 2004). In the face of high community violence, positive family processes may have modest protective potential (Luthar Goldstein 2004); in addition to PTSD and more modest ones with depressive symptoms. Social Cognition More urban youths have been caught in gun crossfire than non-urban adolescents ( 24% vs 4%; Schwarz, 1996). Reseachers have noted that low income communities are likely have higher rates of community violence with inner-city children at higher risk of being exposed to criminal offences (Jipguep Sanders-Phillips, )   Robbery was an almost universal experience affecting children from all schools and socio-economic groups (Samms-Vaughan, Jackson, Ashley, 200). The researchers explained that the high level of community violence in Jamaica is likely to expose Jamaican children to violence. Their study reported that a quarter of the children who completed given questionnaires had witnessed severe acts of physical violence such as robbery, shooting and gang wars, a fifth had been victims of serious threats or robbery and one in every twelve had been stabbed. The researchers recommended that intervention strategies to reduce childrens exposure to violence should include community educati on on the impact of exposure to violence on children, and the development of a range of school-based violence prevention programmes (Samms-Vaughan et al, 2005). This suggestion clearly tracts an ecological approach and valuing the relevance of the exosystem. Relationships/Mesosystem Among families living in conditions of poverty, positive parenting, encompassing high monitoring, support and cohesiveness, can help children maintain adequate levels of adjustment, but even the best of families will be limited in shielding their children when living in neighbourhoods where violence is a constant fact of life (Luthar Goldstein, 2004) This strengthens the point of the need for impacts of community violence not be evaluated in a piecemeal fashion, but as a cohesive whole system. For interventions the findings underscore the need to control violence in communities with efforts at both national policy and community levels addressing issues such as good control, neighbourhood, cohesiveness, communities and safety in schools (Luthar Goldstein, 2004); in essence a systemic approach. According to Pottinger, Many children exposed to chronic violence in their community are also beaten regularly at home and school. Feelings of unworthiness, inferiority and low self-esteem were prevalent reports along with expressions of depression. Girls who were shunned or isolated from their peers and boys who were sexually abused were likely to report depression. Low self-esteem, identified more in our boys, may be reflecting the disenfranchisement of some children, as they learn from early that they are not worthy of being protected from violence. These students may then progress to delinquent and aggressive behaviours during their adolescent years, Pottinger said. Vignette from Crawfords book Peer Relations Exsosystem Repeated general population studies would allow us to better understand how childrens exposure to violence is changing overtime (Stein et. al, 2003). The question here would be are community violence types different now. A clear answer would come from looking at the overall dynamics of interactions within each levels of the SEM. To reiterate, contextual factors are important in determining the impact of violence exposure on children (Stein et. al, 2003). This could be used to better inform violence prevention programmes for both schools and community, and to move the research field toward better science around the interplay between violence exposure, emotional and behavioural outcomes, the impact of prevention and intervention programmes, and needed changes in public policy (Stein et. al, 2003). Educational Outcomes Also reiterated are the impacts of community violence on education and leisure activities . When children experience violence at concentrated levels, in so many doses, and from so many directions, they are affected holistically- emotionally, psychologically and cognitively. This situation undermines their ability to be educated as well as access to education that is available (Crawford-Browne, 2010). It is common that children would miss school because community violence preventing them from doing so/ as a result of violence in communities children are often prevented from going to school or attending other leisure activities such as camp or after school programmes. According to Gayle, United Nations research shows a direct correlation between spending on education and levels of crime. In the Caribbean, Barbados has the lowest violence and highest education. Haiti has the highest crime and the lowest education. One of the strategies to get people to participate less in crime is to educate them. Education leads to character building. At the same time, loss of revenue caused by crime means that less can be used on education, Gayle said. Pauletta Chevannes, a lecturer in the Department of Education, University of the West Indies, noting that crime continues to impact greatly on the education system, insists that only with wider social change can the problem be solved.This wider change reiterates the argument of this paper that implementations has to consider the wider levels of the socio-ecological model. microcosm The school is a microcosm of the society and a lot of the violence experienced in these schools is directly related to what is happening in society. Juvenile justice outcomes While risk of exposure to violence is higher among poor, densely populated urban areas, it is not restricted to this group. In addition, the effects of exposure to community violence on health and functioning are vast, particularly in vulnerable populations. Exposure to community violence was strongly related to PTSD, for both victim and witness had adverse mental health outcomes (Fowler, Tompsett, Braciszewski, Jacques-Tiura, Bates, 2009). Personal and family contextual factors may protect an individual from the adverse impact of exposure to community violence (Gorma-Smith, Henry, Tolan, 2004) Exposure to community violence does not occur in isolation. Further research needs to be conducted on social, environmental and contextual factors that protect vulnerable populations, such as women, adolescents and children from adverse outcomes related to violence (Aisenberg Herrenkohl, 2008). Despite these tremendous stressors, some children appear to be less affected than others (Barbarin, 1993; Barbarin, Richter, deWet, 2001). Coping mechanisms enmeshed in family and peer support are protective factors (Jones, 2007). Macrosystem Many children and adolescents in America continue to be exposed to many types of community violence. Some factors such as sex, age, race and socioeconomic status are associated with higher rates of exposure. Community violence affects children from all backgrounds and communities (Stein, Jaycox, Kataoka, Rhodes, Vestal, 2003). The whole system is interrelated. Multiple risk factors such as poverty, overcrowding, inadequate medical care, scarcity of community resources, and parental problem all contribute to the strain within the exo-system within the context of development. It is important to examine the challenges victims and perpetrators may have. However, to widen understanding of effects of chronic violence on children focus need also be place on the ripple effects of the psychological impacts on children who are affected indirectly (Osofsky, 1999). From a prevention and intervention the most significant implication drawn from the body of literature is that in prevention efforts, the primary focus must be on the environment rather than the individuals experiencing the violence (Gorman-Smith et. al, 2003 and Luthar Goldstein 2004)However both environment and individual factors need to be focused on in tandem as both are equally important in dealing with the crux of the matter in making informed and balanced interventions. The highest recommendation is the prevention of community violence (Luthar Goldstein, 2004). Targeting the issue of community violence as a whole from an ecological model perspective is the more probable successful way to tap every domain that influence its pervasiveness. UNICEFs office in Jamaica estimates that violence costs the country over US$236 million or JA$15 billion annually. IN LOCAL communities affected most by violence, economic and social activities have been considerably reduced. Schools are underpopulated and when there is a flare-up of violence businesses, as well as schools close, the Statistical Institute of Jamaica (STATIN) stated in a 2007 report on violence and its costs. Audrey Pottinger, a consultant clinical psychologist at the Department of Child Guidance attached to the University of the West Indies said that the most frequent and traumatizing experiences students have are cruel tea-sing or verbal humiliation, followed by robbery and physical attack. She was making reference to a recent study done with a sample of more than 200 students from primary and secondary schools. Meanwhile, Dr Herbert Gayle, University of the West Indies-based anthropologist who produced the recent study on early training of males in criminal behaviour, suggested that the Government should invest more in education as one means of reducing crime. (Jamaicas Burden of crime, 2009). The consequences of community violence interrelatedness and broad propensity cannot be overemphasized. Consequences of not providing the necessary preventative, ameliorative or rehabilitative services will put additional strain on Jamaicas economy in terms of Jamaican dollars needed. Apart from the negative emotional health impact on the nation, the quality of life of the citizens will remain at continued risk (Crwaford-Browne, 2010). Macro implications of the impact of violence are insidious. Children develop dysfunctional interpersonal patterns in their relationships as it relates to violence and understanding their world. Psychological impacts through overexposure and trauma is difficult to quantify and this presents far-reaching limitations. Evaluating the system as a whole from the ecological model perspective ease this challenge as factors from the varying levels of the model can be targeted to cushion insidious effects of community violence. Recommendations Feerick and Prinz posited that specific issues for research issues in relation to community violence need to be probed (2003). Suggested issues include consequences of co-occurring risk factors, mediators, moderators and mechanisms. The premise of this review cautions this specific issues approach from the perspective that issues should not be investigated in a detached fashion, but rather enmeshed. Violence Prevention There are individual and community approaches to violence prevention (World Health Organization, 2002). On an individual level, public health authorities should encourage healthy behaviours that do not include violence as well as educating individuals in order to persuade them to change violent behaviours. In the community there are many opportunities to raise public awareness and stem community violence. Advocating for policy changes that address larger environmental issues (See Logsdon, 2010). Only with change that address the issue of community violence from the dimensions of the socio-ecological model- in making informed planning and implementing with regard to prevention and intervention programming. Summary/Conclusion This paper seeks to provide an overview of the current literature regarding effects exposure to community violence on children in systemic framework, and to identify the interrelatedness of the impacts at all levels on the social ecological model. In addition, recommendations are made that prevention and intervention programs use this systemic approach to better address and curtail the impacts of community violence. Violence in its various forms have been taking a heavy toll on the physical, emotional and mental health of Jamaican children, who exhibit symptoms of depression, PSTSD, aggressive impulsive behaviour, difficulty concentrating, bedwetting, and attachment problems. It is important to note that many of these symptoms exist within the context of unstable familial environments and are factors that are associated with aggressive and delinquent behaviours (Samms-Vaughan, 2005), further fuelling our present endemic of violence (Crawford-Browne, 2010). Poor quality of life and marginalization are some social impact of chronic violence exposure (Crawford-Browne, 2010). The researcher expounded that children get caught in the symbolic net of the different forms of violence which interact with each other with gruesome consequences. In explaining further, it is noted that the different types of violence emanates and ricochet from the various systems that interface and intercedes. The impact from a systemic level is quite distinct here. Clear it is that the childs experience here at all levels, the home, family, communities and society are impacted (Crawford-Browne, 2010). Peer Relations Community violence as daily variable offers negative role models that place of the government and community-building organizations (Crawford-Browne, 2010). Role models as such are the perennial figures of a Community Don or notorious gang leader. These negative role models act as agent of socialization. Hypthesis .